"17 § Lag får ej ändras eller upphävas annat än genom lag. I fråga om ändring eller upphävande av grundlag eller av riksdagsordningen äger 15 och 16 §§ motsvarande tillämpning. "

Hur i hela fridens namn har Ni lyckats få ett helt partis riksdagsledamöter att missa att lära sig våra Grundlagar, vad som står i dem och vad texten står för???????

Sedan en liten kortis: Det är BARA regeringen som enligt Regeringsformen kan lägga Lagförslag. Informera gärna Era talesmän om att de sitter i Opposition och inte i stora huset :-)

Warhol (1928-1987) rose to fame in the 1960s and became synonymous with Pop art and American culture of the period. He played upon the increased bombardment of advertising and media images to develop a signature style that employed commercial subjects rendered in bold, graphic designs and colors using mass production processes. In capturing the rebellious spirit of the time through his work and personality, Warhol created a body of work that transformed our understanding of art by blurring the boundaries between art and popular culture and shaped a new aesthetic that came to symbolize the counterculture. His now iconic work has influenced subsequent generations of artists and continues to resonate with audiences today, both young and old.

Indepth Arts News:

Read detail

Ok let’s talk about the fundaments of OUR security.  Lets talk about terrorist and labels, yes because this days Gov. Palin-yes I do like the formalism in politic- talks about terrorist and the relationship of Senator Obama.  As a new comer, new voter and a new creature I start a search to learn what she is talking about.  I found that TODAY, Ayers is an Educator and today he is writer of 13 books!

Her inability to make effective relationship between facts tells me a lot about her character and her ability to make a quantum jump to a bad conclusion, or worse a true intention to confuse people that do not search. YES! This election will be decided by intelligent people that can distinguish into a fact and a bad opinion. Yes is a fight into mavericks and ISSUES!

Her speech just support the labeling policies that has been maintain in this pass years.  She does not know that in school we do not label students that truck the possibilities to build or maintain good citizens.

The 60 and 70s was terrifying times in America. After study the mentality of OUR security system--just for fun, nooo is for understand too—I believe that with the model of punishment instead of restoring WE are having, as a result more terrorist than solutions. US, WE, are becoming a machine of built terrorist.

This people that emerge from intolerance situations and are success now, we will need them to rebuilt OUR credibility-please world I do not agree with intolerance policies, torture or crimes, I just pay taxes-that make me guilty?.  Thousands of kids, friend and families have memories that WE kill someone that they know, that we destroy their houses, or change the course of their life maybe for ever... Thousand of civilians that yes -like she say- do not like us because their are a memory that link a tragedy of their life with US, in honor of OUR freedom.  She see a terrorist I see a writer and an educator that have tools, by personal experience to develop what we will need to repair the fundamental of OUR Security that as McCain said with the economy are strong and WE recently discover that he had an F in that exam…

The art of make PEACE will require a huge table of all the people that love US but are not PROUD of the external policies of hostility that we build in the GLOBAL.

I do not get it.   WHAT IS THE concept of being a terrorist? Maybe I do not agree with you is equal to terrorist.

VERY bad for Democracy!

Thanks

Apa-apa pun saya berdoa agar keamanan, kemakmuran, kesejahteraan dan kestabilan negara kita untuk kita semua dan anak-anak cucu kita akan terus kekal sampai bila-bila.....

"Nombor Satu Dua PENJURU  dari penjuru Gua dan penjuru Pekan. Nombor Dua pula Lima PENJURU keseluruhannya dari Selatan mungkin ada Satu  dari Utara.  Kedua-dua slot ini  kenyataan yang tepat ialah "make or break".  Nombor Tiga  pula besar kemungkinan lebih 10 PENJURU kerana untuk Slot ini  ungkapannya ialah "nothing to loose".

Bagi Slot yang berikutnya  jumlah PENJURU  tidak diambil kira sebab ianya   telah menjadi  "anybody`s  race"

Bagi menjawab soalan pada Tajuk Rencana:

Hamparkan Permaidani dari baldu berwarna Biru. Boleh dihuni beribu-ribu dan tidak mampu dikongkong PENJURU.

[caption id="attachment_769" align="aligncenter" width="400" caption="Sayang untuk dilewatkan begitu saja, US$ 5000"][/caption]

Prizes

The prizes offered in the contest are as follows:

• Grand Prize - $2,000USD for the user holding the largest (based on total number of votes cast) Plurk the Vote mini-election.
• Second Prize - $1,000USD for the user holding the second largest (based on total number of votes cast) Plurk the Vote mini-election.
• Third Prize - $5,00USD for the user holding the third largest (based on total number of votes cast) Plurk the Vote mini-election
• Runner-up Prizes - $250USD will be randomly awarded to THREE of the remaining top TWENTY FIVE Plurk the Vote mini-election holders. The random draw of all eligible entries for the runner-up prizes will take place within 48 hours of the contest deadline and potential winners will be notified by email within 72 hours of the contest deadline.
• Daily Voter Prizes - 30 $25USD Amazon.com Gift Certificate will be awarded at the end of the contest. One entry will be randomly selected from the pool of all voters in any given day over the 30 day duration of the election.

Gile...!!!

Ah... tapi US $ 5000 kayaknya sayang deh, dilewati begitu saja. Apakah anda tertarik untuk mencoba? Silahkan pilih dengan mengKLIK gambar dibawah ini.

Wah, kalo di Indonesia entar ada gak yah? :lol:

The Prime Minister also hopes to hold a Barisan Nasional supreme council meeting on Wednesday to brief component party leaders on the revised leadership transition plan.

Abdullah, who is also Umno president, said Barisan leaders had indicated their wish to be briefed on the plan and what to expect since the Umno president would also become the coalition’s chairman and the nation’s prime minister.

Some Barisan leaders had voiced their unhappiness over the lack of consultation within Barisan over the change in the transition plan.

Abdullah and his deputy Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak had earlier agreed to a handing over of power in 2010, but the plan was brought forward with no date specified.

Umno’s general assembly and elections of top party posts has been moved from December this year to March 2009 to facilitate an early transfer of power.

The Prime Minister declined to reveal if he would also announce on Wednesday his decision on whether to defend his Umno presidency. He has said he will do so by Oct 9, when Umno divisions start their meetings.

“I will decide that by tomorrow (Tuesday) or Wednesday, you wait lah ... why so impatient?” he told reporters after chairing the third meeting of the Biotech International Advisory Panel at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre on Monday.

When pressed further on whether he had actually already made his decision, he said: “If I tell you, then I am announcing it now. I am not intending to announce it now, right? You wait. After all, two, three or fours days is not too long, right?”

Asked if the Umno members who had offered themselves for the No 2 post had jumped he gun, he said it was their choice on when to announce their intention.

“Whether they want to announce early or whether they want to wait, it is entirely up to them,” he said.

Asked if the offers for candidacy was healthy for the party, he replied: “Believe me, after a while some of them will drop out, and in the end there may be only two, maybe even only one left.” On his key focus for his remaining time as Prime Minister, he said he still had work to do and he intended to fulfil the pledge on reforms he had made in the Barisan 2004 election manifesto.

“I know Datuk Zaid Ibrahim is not there anymore (referring to the de facto law minister who had resigned), but it does not mean that everything must stop.

“It was not his idea in the first place, it was mine, it was the 2004 manifesto, remember,” he said on judicial reforms that Zaid had been undertaking.

“What I promised, I must deliver,” Abdullah added.

ISA taint To a question on whether the recent Internal Security Act (ISA) detention of a journalist and an opposition Member of Parliament had tainted Malaysia’s image, he said the Home Minister was empowered to decided on such matters and had his reasons.

He said that it was unfortunate if this caused others to view Malaysia negatively, but every country had its own security measures, some even tougher than the ISA.

When pointed out that it was the ISA arrests that had caused Zaid to resign, Abdullah said: “The law minister is not involved (in the ISA decision) and it is the exclusivity of the Home Minister.”

The Center as declared the week of October 13-17 “Stop the Jihad on Campus Week” the third in the series of Islamo-Fascism Awareness protests which will involve 100 college campuses in showings of the film Obsession and protests against the jihadist activities of the Muslim Students Association. Joining with the Center in this effort is the Watch Obsession Campaign, headed up by Tom Trento, which is distributing and promoting Obsession throughout the United States .

campuses-to-protest.

For all of our independent, stand up.

Legea era aprobată în Constituţia din 96, mare parte neschimbată până acum. Însă, în mod ciudat, în aprilie anul acesta, Curtea Constituţională a declarat neconstituţionale câteva articole din legea cu pricina, printre care şi cel la care m-am referit mai sus. Decizia a venit ca urmare a unei solicitări venite din partea PDL, tot în aprilie 2008, asupra căreia, evident, toţi au tăcut şi au fost de acord.

Şşşt, linişte totală. Ne convine la toţi, prostul de rând nu ştie, presei îi dăm de bănuit, că până scormonesc ei, trec cele 45 de zile la capătul cărora articolele în cauză devin neconstituţionale şi prin urmare accesul la ele se mai poate face numai dacă soliciţi ajutorul Agenţiei Naţionale de integritate, ori pentru noi, proştii de rând, ar dura săptămăni sau luni până ni s-ar aproba o astfel de cerere. Vă gândiţi şi voi, ce mama naibii, de abia ne chinuim să obţinem biete autorizaţii, darămite să emitem pretenţii de genul.
Na spuneţi voi, nu ne fac proşti în faţă? Şi voi vă pierdeţi timpul să-i mai şi votaţi...

Men det som troligen många missat är att för att kunna betala ut dessa bonusar, så krävs att man äter av den redan bakade kakan innan den nya kakan är klar att sätta i ugnen.

Hur då?

Bonus på uppnådda transaktioners belopp är i grunden bonus på något man ÄNNU inte har i handen. Det är en förväntat framtida vinst så som det idag är utformat. Säg att företag x ökat sin omsättning med y miljoner kronor och att bonus på totalt 10 % skall betalas ut över förhandlade löner. Så är det y/10 miljoner kronor som skall betalas ut under verksamhetsåret i de fall bonusen är knuten till omsättningen. MEN och det är viktigt, inkomsterna i form av vinst från omsättningen faller inte ut varken samma dag eller ens nödvändigtvis samma år som omsättningen ökar. När det gäller banker så är den tänkta förutsedda vinsten på en utlåning en vinst som skall hämtas hem under lång tid och ÄVEN om banken i sina beräkningar försöker få hem nödvändig intäkt och åtminstone någon vinst under de första 2-3 åren, så är den totala vinsten/förlusten inte synlig förrän efter ett par år. Om banken beräknat fast ränta fel, så kan en beräknad vinst sedd över en så kort tid som fem år bli en förlust. Och vise versa.

Nu finns det också något som företag och banker brukar kalla företagets resp bankens resultat. Där i döljer sig många helt lagliga placeringar, avdrag m.m. som gör att det är svårt att se om bonusutdelning i realiteten är rimlig, möjlig eller om det tar ut för mycket av den i framtiden välbehövda vinsten för att säkra företagets eller bankernas fortsatta framgång.

Inget är enkelt men det finns skäl att höja ett vakande öga både på finanshajar som blankar OCH på de som tar ut bonusar överstigande 25% av sin avtalade lön. Kanske borde det för det senare fallet finnas någon form av skattesparkonto där bonus över 25% högre än avtalad lön bands under 2 år. Företaget/banken som skall betala ut bonusen i slutändan dels fick räntan på insatt kapital dels fick en chans att se att det resultat man trott sig få av transaktionerna som gjorts verkligen är de riktiga samt att hälften av insatt bonus skall gå tillbaka till företaget/banken om det under de två åren visar sig att företagsbeskattningen, företagets soliditet eller företagets tillgängliga kapital så påfodrar. Det borde ändå vara lönsamt för de som får bonus att få ut bonusen vid mer än ett tillfälle då skattesystemet vi har gör att en stor del annars försvinner från den egna handen.

mAs_pAiNt_'08

[caption id="attachment_769" align="aligncenter" width="400" caption="Sayang untuk dilewatkan begitu saja, US$ 5000"][/caption]

Prizes

The prizes offered in the contest are as follows:

• Grand Prize - $2,000USD for the user holding the largest (based on total number of votes cast) Plurk the Vote mini-election.
• Second Prize - $1,000USD for the user holding the second largest (based on total number of votes cast) Plurk the Vote mini-election.
• Third Prize - $5,00USD for the user holding the third largest (based on total number of votes cast) Plurk the Vote mini-election
• Runner-up Prizes - $250USD will be randomly awarded to THREE of the remaining top TWENTY FIVE Plurk the Vote mini-election holders. The random draw of all eligible entries for the runner-up prizes will take place within 48 hours of the contest deadline and potential winners will be notified by email within 72 hours of the contest deadline.
• Daily Voter Prizes - 30 $25USD Amazon.com Gift Certificate will be awarded at the end of the contest. One entry will be randomly selected from the pool of all voters in any given day over the 30 day duration of the election.

Gile...!!!

Ah... tapi US $ 5000 kayaknya sayang deh, dilewati begitu saja. Apakah anda tertarik untuk mencoba? Silahkan pilih dengan mengKLIK gambar dibawah ini.

Wah, kalo di Indonesia entar ada gak yah? :lol:

[vodpod id=Groupvideo.1634217&w=425&h=350&fv=]

Court proceedings are scheduled to start at 9am. The Malaysia Today editor, 58, who is being held at the Kamunting Detention Centre in Perak, was charged on May 6 over his online posting about the murder of Mongolian Altantuya Shaariibuu.

He claimed claimed trial to publishing an allegedly seditious article on Malaysia Today, becoming the first blogger to be charged under the Sedition Act.

He is accused of publishing the article Let’s send the Altantuya murderers to hell which was alleged to have contained nine paragraphs of seditious words.

He is said to have committed the offence at his house in Jalan BRP 5/5 in Bukit Rahman Putra in Sungai Buloh on April 25.

If convicted, he can be fined a maximum of RM5,000 or jailed up to three years or both under Section 4(1)(c) of the Act.

This will clear up how Sarah Palin was able to stay focused on the topics of the debate. Wait a minute... Debate topics? This seems like textbook "Politics for Dummies". [via Daily Kos]

President says this chart contains tips&tricks for all women in politics when interviewed.

Funnily awesome isn't it, the flow chart? It's something only people like Blair Waldorf would do. LOLS.

I have been hearing people talking about this woman and her stupidity since last week.

First, it was in the office where my boss was telling one of my colleagues to watch a video of Sarah Palin talking crap. Then they both burst into laughters when my boss said something like 'She just got her passport this year and she said she can SEE Europe? Hahahaha!'.

Then, it was yesterday, breakfast with the girls when I asked if they heard about the woman who is running for Vice Presidency of United States because I heard she is Stupid, and Denyse told me the same thing, 'She only has her passport this year!' I can't believe this.

I tried to google this woman, and from Wiki, the only thing that caught my attention is

In 1988, Sarah eloped with Todd Palin, her childhood sweetheart, reportedly because she knew her parents "couldn't afford a big white wedding."

-___-

Okay, lets don't be so mean to this woman, despite her stupidity that has created a chaos in the states. She deserves a second chance. Everybody does. Furthermore, no one is perfect.

I believe she would be a good Vice President who learnt her mistakes and strive to become a better person..but maybe not in the United States.

För att förstå så tokigt det kan bli om en eller flera eller många forskare startar med den förutfattade meningen att jordens uppvärmning beror på människan, så kanske det är bäst att börja från början. Aldrig så skickliga systemprogrammerare kan inte säga något annat än vad vi sa i början på 70-talet 'skit in' -> 'skit ut' d.vs. INGA dataprogram i världen kan ge bättre Slutsatser (Conclusions) än de fakta uppgifter som sätts in. Hur många interpoleringar eller extrapoleringar som än görs kan inte slutdata bli säkra när felaktiga uppgifter laddas in OCH när forskare glömmer bort att undersöka sina slutsatser mot faktiskt uppmätta/kontrollerbara data. Som t.ex. det där med Grönlands historia. För Grönland var grönt och bördigt från 890-talet och långt in på 1400-talet. Vissa delar av Grönland övergavs tidigare, det är sant. Men långt ifrån allt. Liten bosättning? Fel helt fel.

Här följer ett av mina många inlägg i debatten på soc.history.medieval och sci.archaeology under åren. Inlägget är från år 2000 och jag hoppas att Ni överser med att jag delvis är dyslektiker (svårt med stavning och grammatik) samt att engelska inte är mitt andra utan mitt tredje språk (farmor norska).

The Norse Greenlanders vinland and KRS.

© Johansson Inger E, Gothenburg March 2000.

The story of Vinland have fascinated many people of the year. For many years the Icelandic Sagas was believed to  the true source of the Vinland adventure. The existence of other sources, regardless if they where written Primary sources or results of excavations in the North American territories was thought to be slim. Than the site at L'Anse aux Meadows was found and voila - that site became believed to have been the mythic Vinland. As I pointed out in FROM VINLAND to the Kensingtone-runestone , sent to this group in January, there are more solid proof of the Norse(and maybe other Europeans) in the Northern American area than that long before the Icelandic Sagas was written during the 13^th-14^th Century: 

In January 6^th 1053 Pope Leo IX wrote a letter to Adalbert Archbishop of Hamburg Bremen ”…..in omnibus gentibus Sueonum seu Danorum, Norunechorum, Islant, Scrideuinnum, Gronlant et universarum septentrionalum racionum" In other words Pope Leo IX acknowledge in the far outer parts of the Ocean was Greenland and the land further beyond that close to the border to the Universe.

The Norse settlements in Greenland started at latest around 1000 AD and continued until 1500 AD(se below) and during all those Centuries many Norse Greenlanders built their farms and their churches in Eastern Greenland as well as in Western Greenland. As Tomas McGovern wrote: ”The archaeological data indicate that the Norse Greenlanders did invest a great deal of their source resources in churchconstruction, and that the most powerful economic unit of the later Norse Greenland was the manor at Garðar.”

Ref. McGovern Thomas H., Bones, Building and Boundaries: Palaeoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland page 222

But there is more to be said in regards of Gardar: We know for a fact that a Greenlandic monestry remained intact 22 June 1308 when Bishop Arne of Bergen wrote a letter to Bishop Þordr in Gardar. Bishop Þordr wasn’t the first Bishop of Greenland, we know of at least one more by the name of Gnurri from the late 10^th Century or early 11^th Century.

Gardar

Garðar wasn’t only the center of the Norse Greenlandic Churches, nor only a big farm, the biggest in Greenland, with a 131 m² big Hall, a 389 m² Byre, a 353 m² Barn and a Storage as big as 361 m². Garðar and Brattalið( Hall 66 m², Byre 127 m², Barn 105 m² and Storage 118 m²) are supposed to have been stores for the rest of the Greenlandic settlements, as well as major centres for cattle production. ”If we combine these two ratio measures in common scalter plot….a separation of Garðar and the Brattalið sites from all others in the sample becomes apparent. These seem to be major centres of cattle production and goods storage out of all proportions to their proxy measure of consumption”

Ref. McGovern Thomas H, page 215

McGovern continues on page 217: ”The large site at W45 may possibly contain the missing churchfarm of the Western settlement, through investigations have not revealed a church building and a graveyard.”

Eastern and western settlements

A churchbuilding and a graveyard - there are more of those in both Western and Eastern Greenland Settlements than we have been led to believe by Scholars discussing the Norse Settlements north of Canada. But before we continue to look into them it might be good looking at some sites in Western Settlements. While the mean hall in the Eastern Settlements is around 56 m² the same type of hall has a total mean value of 28 m², as for the total mean of Byres eastern Settlements 87 m² and 27 m² in the western Settlements, Barns in eastern S. had a total mean 85 m² and in Western Settlements the Barns had a total mean of 36 m² the storage mean values was lower in west as well. Lets look at two of the farms in the west Greenland Settlements: Sandnes(W51) Hall 72 m², Byre 84 m² and Barn 155 m²; and Anavik(W7) Hall ?, Byre 50 m², Barn 54 m² and Storage 38 m².

Ref McGovern, Table 6 Floor-area of selected structures of farms of the Eastern and Western Settlements, page 213.

In fact the Norse settlers in Greenland settled almost everywhere it was possible to build a farm from Disco Bay in northern Western Settlements to the Eastern Settlements. ”The Norse settlements is grouped around the innerparts of the fjords and the inland between them”…..”The farms are situated at practically all of the suitable places, near rivers and lakes”……. ”The other densely settled area is situated on the large penisula that stretches between the Igalino Fjord and Lichtenan Fjord (Agdluitsup Lamgerdlua) out into Davis trait”……….”ca 40 farms have been found in this district”.

Ref Jansen Henrik M, page 74

”A part from a few isolated localities far south at Naujat in Fiskenæsfjorden and Eqaluitin Agdlumersat(where nodwellings have been found however), as well as a single farm at the head of Bulesefjord, the Norse Settlement in Western Settlements(Map II) is gathered quite closely around the innerbranches of Godthåbsfjord and Ameralik, as well as in the valleys that are connected with these fjords”.

Ref. Jansen Henrik, page 75.

Greenlander’s farms and food

How did the Norse Greenlanders build their farms, what material did they use and from where? Henrik Jansen gives following answer: ”The building materials employed are typical of those used in Western Norway and the Atlantic Islands: turf, stone and timber. The houses were built of stone or turf alone or a combination of the two materials”.

Ref: Jansen Henrik page 78

Typical houses whether built in turf, stone or timber are described to be rectangular and distinctively different from those built by Eskimos/Inuits and others.

Note: Compare the Norse Greenlanders houses with the houses built by the Blackduck population in the Lake Woodland in Northern Wisconsin close to the Lake Michigan. Where the building pattern changed between 800-1000 AD from round house/huts to long-houses built of turf. The Blackduck population’s building was distinctively different from those living close by. Ref: Mason Ronaldy, Great Lakes Archaeology, NY 1981

Where did the Norse settlers in Western Greenland go for timber? First of all I would like you to look at the strong streams from west due to the Earth rotation the streams goes behind the Canadian mainland and the Islands north of it. Jansen Henrik notes that the timber came to Greenland either as float-timber from the Siberian area transported by Sea or that the Norse Greenlanders went to Markland for timber. Jansen referes to an Islandic Annal from 1347 AD still existing. Jansen’s note 86, with reference to ”Islandske annaler til 1578” 1888 page 213 under 1347 AD(Skalhóltann):

”Þa kom di skp af Grænlandi/minna at vexti enu sma Islandz fór. Þat kom i Straum/fjord inn yttra. Þat var akkeris laust þar voru a xvij menn ok hofðu farit till Marklandz enn siðan vorðit hingat hafreka.” Jansen’s translation from Old-Norse: ”Then a vessel, small sized, came from Greenland to Iceland. It came to Straumfjord. It had lost it’s anchor; they were 17 men and they had sailed to Markland but thereafter they were driven hither(i.e. Iceland)”

Jansen Henrik, page 78

In my previous Essay sent to this group I referred to Adam of Bremen as a Prime source seldom used in regards of Vinland and Halogaland. Some mailers have noted that they  believe Halogaland of Adam’s to be the same as Helgeland area in Norway, but then they haven’t read Adam of Bremens chapter 38’s lines about Halogaland. Not only did they in Halogaland have summer- and midwinter solstice, but the ”Danish king”[Svein Estridsson] had tested that the same kind of solstice was to be seen in Halogaland as well as in the land of the Sweons and the Northland and other Islands in that area….

Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum, book 4:

Chapter 37 Adam of Bremen writes about Greenland

Chapter 38 about the Island of Halogaland(in other languages spelt ”Halagland” respectively ”Helluland”

Chapter 39, Adam of Bremen writes about Vinland.

As you know both Halogaland and Markland are told to have been areas the Norse passed by before reaching Vinland. What other indications, written sources or artifacts found during excavations can give more evidence in regards of the Vinland location? Yes there are more facts to be presented. The Norse Greenlanders arthaeofauna doesn’t look like that in Iceland nor does it resemble the arthaeofauna of the Eskimo/Inuits or the Indians. The only thing that resembles the situation in Iceland is the domestic mammals: Cattle, sheep, goat, pig, dog and horse.(McGovern Tomas H, page 195). McGovern also writes:

page 199: ”All Greenlandic Norse sites have a far greater proportion of goat bones than is common in medieval Iceland archaeogauna(Amorosi 1991) or in the rest of Scandinavian North Atlantics”.

And in regards of the cows McGovern writes:

page 201:” In combination with documentary references and the abundant dairying artefact  asseble(Rousell 1936) it seem likely that cattle were kept primarily for their milk rather than as meat animals in both settlements”.[The Western and the Eastern Greenland Settlements].

In regards of fish:

page 195: ”While fish remains are present in the Greenlandic archaeofauna, they are extremely rare”. Eastern settlements mean NISP% = 0,08 and Western Settlements mean NSIP% = 0,12.

In regards of pigs:

Page 198: Pigs are rare in Greenland, but are present in several collections. The fragments include very young animals and elements unlikely to have been imported as pork. Pigs seem to have been kept more frequently in the earlier phases of larger farms but were never common”.

Ref: Mc Govern Thomas H, Bones, Building and Boundaries: Palaeoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland

So what was the main food the Norse Greenlanders consumed? Jansen Henrik gives a clue: ”Generally speaking, ca ¾ of the investigated bones are representative of game animals; thus only ¼ of domestic animals. This is actually most surprising, considering the large farm complexes. It is even more surprising, however that the same situation applies to those farms that are located far away from the sea for example in Austmannadalen in the Western Settlement”.

Ref: Jansen Henrik M, A critical account of the written and archaeological sources' evidence concerning the Norse settlements in Greenland, Meddelelser om Grönland 182:4, 1972

In a Table McGovern gives following information in re. ”Major taxa of larger Greenlandic archaeofauna”: The cattle mean in Eastern Settlements 16,7%, Caprines 32,1%, Caribou[North American reindeer] 2,1% and Seals 48,8%. But there is a notable difference in regards of the Western Settlements: Cattle mean 8,2%, Caprines 16,5%, Caribou 18,3%[note this percentage] and seals 57,0%. Mc Govern writes: ”Caribou bone(and other craftwaste, not included in the NISP counts) is much more common on Western Settlement sites, of all sizes and through out all phases of occupation”.[i.e. Norse occupation]

Ref. McGovern page 197.

But

”As clearly documented by Morten Meldgaard(1986), West Greenland caribou are subject to population fragmentation along the long, fjord - indented coastline, and individual populations are subject to both long term and short term boom-crash cycles. Population morbidity is to some degree indicated by stature and robusticity. The historic Northeast Greenland caribou and saqqaq-period caribou from Itivnera(U.Møhl 1972) show marked dwarfism.[!] By the Norse times, the West Greenland caribou in both settlement areas had apparently recovered. All elements excavated are large and robust, with many of the Western Settlement caribou specimens overlapping the size range of Norse cattle(McGovern and Amorori 1986).”

Ref. McGovern, page 203

Conclusion:

These ”lager and robust” caribou must either have been hunted elsewhere or made their way only to the Western Greenland settlements during the Norse Greenlanders earlier phases. In the first case we do have a solid proof that the Norse made it to the North American mainland’s parts except from the site at L'Anse aux Meadows. In the later case it’s highly unlikely that wild reindeer wouldn’t have made it all over Greenland or that the Norse Greenlanders’ farmsites in the Eastern Settlement would have had at least some of the same ”robust” bones in their remains as the Western Settlements if the Western Settlement hadn’t had closer contact with the areas surronding either Hudson Bay or Western North-Canada.

Given all information above it’s more than likely that the land of Halogaland, Markland and Vinland is situated closer to Greenland than L'Anse aux Meadows is. The later site is also, in my opinion, too small and have given too few artifacts showing a long term hunting in that surroundings.  I find it more than likely that Halogaland and Vinland are to be found in the inner parts of Northern America, possibly found by waterways from Hudson Bay.

Conclusions impact on KRS.

I also believe that the Icelandic Annal 1347 AD quoted above would once and for all stop some of the discussion in re. KRS.

For example:

”mandz”  since ”-z” was used in Iceland 1347 AD it’s more than likely that it was practiced 1363 AD.

” xvij menn” give an absolute and in time close by reference that Roman letters could be used together with Latin-letters during the time KRS gives as being carved.

The same goes for the little word ”ok”(see the quotation above). Together with other facts presented earlier all these points to a ”perfect match”-dating of KRS to the mid 14^th Century. I would see anyone proving that it’s likely for a normal Farmer in the late 19^th Century to have had all facts known well enough to make a forgery. In my opinion KRS is an authentic stone.

© Inger E Johansson, Gothenburg March 2000.

PS

I will return with more proofs in re. KRS later this Spring.

Inger E

Ref.

Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum

Arneborg J, Norbverne i Grönland 1988

Diplomatarium Danicum, serie 1, II, no 1

Diplomatarium Norvegicum, X, no 9

Jansen Henrik M,A critical account of the written and archaeological sources' evidence concerning the Norse settlements in Greenland, Meddelelser om Grönland 182:4, 1972

Mason Ronaldy, Great Lakes Archaeology, NY 1981

McGovern Thomas H., Bones, Building and Boundaries: Palaeoeconomic Approaches to Norse Greenland

Rousell A, Farms and churches in the Medieval Norse settlement of Greenland, Meddelelser of Grönland 86(1).

The Roman Church in Norse Greenland, editor G F Bigelow, ”The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61(1991) page 142-150 Köpenhamn  

Special notation: Halagland(Helluland is mentioned in a wellknown(and often read) source from the 11^th Century as being further distant from Europe than Greenland

_____________ slut på min artikel till sci.archaeology från 2000 ---------

Verklighetens Grönlänningar var mellan 3500 och 5000 personer som levde samtidigt under höjdpunkten fram till 1360. Verklighetens Grönlänningar seglade långt upp mot Nordpolen och rester, artifakter från deras resor västerut via Ellesmere Island (slå upp) och Ruin Island (kolla nordiska artifakter funna i husen som trots att de är byggda som övernattningshusen på tomtningarna längs Västerhavets kust från Vrångö och upp långt i Norge visserligen sägs vara samtida men  inte nordiska. (Nåväl murtekniken tål att diskuteras)

Verkligheten är också den att Grönlänningarna exporterade så mycket via olika handelsvägar, främst via Bergen och Orkney som den Norske kungen (Svenske kungen Magnus Eriksson var också norsk kung) krävde, att det är ett under att inte samtliga klimatforskare tycks ha missat att kolla lokalhistorian från Grönland, åtminstone från Västerbyggden och Österbyggden. Men det är värre än så.

Hur i jösse namn lyckas man som klimatforskare missa att den första vetenskapliga expeditionen som med något så när säkerhet mätte temperatur, vind och erosion mer än 2 mil, 20 km in från Arktis yttersta kust skedde först 1959? Hur kan man missa att Nordpolen inte ens fick mänskligt besök före år 1900? Så var ifrån får man sina underbara data om världens temperaturhöjning från 1880-nu? Iskärnor säger någon.... Tja nu var det ju bara det som vem som helst som suttit med lite aktivt lyssnande på fysik, geografi och historia vet - is är inte ett fast tillstånd. Is rör på sig - vattnets kretslopp, har NI glömt det? Centifugalkraften? Vattnet försöker ta sig till den lägsta möjliga nivån så snabbt som möjligt. Centifugalkraften innebär att snö som faller ner, både kan blåsa, erodera, frysa och förflyttas långa avstånd på bara några år. DET FINNS INGENSTANS MÖJLIGHET ATT UTIFRÅN ISKÄRNOR FÅ TEMPERATUR PÅ EN SPECIFIK PLATS I ARKTIS ENS 30 ÅR tillbaka. Kolla hur forskningsstationerna förflyttats på ytan så får Ni svar svart på vitt hur tokigt det är att inte ta med Arktis historia i beräkningen innan Ni gör Era interpoleringar i datorn.

After Prayers,  Mak Lang Jah nasi minyak is served.  It is a must that everybody will get their share at one go.   After this all of us will be hand-in-hand to entertain our guests.    Only after Zohor my wife and her sisters will move to visit their Mak Long, Mak Teh , Pak Cik Yee and Mak Su. I normally could join them halfway only because I`m a "small eater".

Coming the 3rd day I became very restless.  Its already three straight days    I missed the Blog, Newspaper and last but not  the least is Nasmer Teh Tarik.

At about 6.00 pm as my wife and I were about to pack things to go back to Ipoh, My wife`s cousin Fauziah and her husband Anas came for Hariraya. My wife Asiah and Fauziah were very close. My wife told me that between them there`s no secret.

While Asiah and Fauziah sit at one corner refreshing their memories, I have Anas acompany.  We have something in common i.e. retired public servant. In politics Anas is a PAS member while I`m with PKR.   We talk about the political climate.  We  both agree that UMNO is not relevant anymore. They`re smart in spending the rakyat money only.   Anas specifically mentioned  what has happened to MRR2.  Tones of money being dumped there and still we don`t know what going to happen days ahead.

Although Pakatan has already secured five (5) state  Anas  still not vary happy. He noticed PKR people are not like PAS and DAP.  He said PKR members were mostly former UMNO members. They are in a new Party but they still very much in love with UMNO culture.  Whatever they do they have to think about their die-hard supporters first.  Now they have the power and they will do anything to safeguard the power.  Lastly Anas hope that in the near future PAS will rule the Nation, then only he will be satisfied.

We have to stop our talk because its already Magrib and Anas going to break his fast.  Anas is on Puasa Enam.     After some time Anas and Fauziah left and we are ready also to leave for Ipoh.

Giving a thought to what Anas has said  Am I in the wrong camp?   Because to be frank I wasn`t from UMNO before joining PKR.  I was not involved in  partisan politics before that but  I read alot of books and articles on Politics.

The moral of this story is that I never knew before this Hariraya that Anas was so sharp in relating what he saw on the other side of our so called politician.   Anas stays in BANGI and we both hope we could continue this subject in the next Aidilfitri.