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	<title>moral &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/moral/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "moral"</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 22:03:53 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Das Leben als Sakrament der Liebe Gottes - Predigt zu Matthäus 22,1-10]]></title>
<link>http://altkatholisch.wordpress.com/?p=507</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 19:10:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>oekumenisch</dc:creator>
<guid>http://altkatholisch.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/das-leben-als-sakrament-der-liebe-gottes-predigt-zu-matthaus-221-10/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Einladung zum königlichen Festmahl
So eine Königshochzeit ist zur Zeit Jesu ein üppiges, sich üb]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://altkatholisch.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/eucharistie.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-510" title="eucharistie" src="http://altkatholisch.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/eucharistie.jpg" alt="" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="161" height="240" align="left" /></a><strong>Einladung zum königlichen Festmahl</strong></p>
<p>So eine Königshochzeit ist zur Zeit Jesu ein üppiges, sich über mehrere Tage hinziehendes Fest gewesen. Die geladenen Gäste hatten im Regelfall bereits vorher eine schriftliche Einladung erhalten. Die ausgeschickten Knechte sollen sie eigentlich nur noch zum Fest abholen.</p>
<p>Unbegreiflich ist, dass die Gäste es ablehnen zu dem Festmahl zu gehen. Zu einem Festmahl, zu dem der König selber einlädt. Das wäre so, als würde ich die Einladung des Bundespräsidenten zu einem Empfang in Schloß Bellevue ausschlagen, oder <!--more-->für einen gläubigen römisch-katholischen Christen resp. eine rk Christin so, als ob er oder sie eine Einladung des Papstes ausschlagen würde o.ä.</p>
<p>Es ist eigentlich ungewöhnlich, dass die Knechte dann noch ein zweites mal ausgeschickt werden, die Gäste zu holen, obwohl die erste Einladung zurückgewiesen wurde. Aber der König tut es. Und er tut es mit großer Dringlichkeit: Ochsen und Mastkälber sind schon geschlachtet. Das angesetzte Festmahl duldet keinen Aufschub mehr.</p>
<p>Dennoch wird der König von den Eingeladenen mit Missachtung belegt. Den Geladenen ist ihr Alltagsgeschäft wichtiger als das Festmahl. Der eine geht auf den Acker. Der andere muss seinen Laden aufmachen um Geld zu verdienen. Manche der Knechte werden sogar von den Geladenen getötet, nur um diese lästige Einladung loszuwerden. – Eine absurde Vorstellung, so weit zu gehen.</p>
<p>Voll Zorn lässt der König schließlich seine Truppen ausschicken und nimmt Rache an diesen Untaten. Er lässt die Mörder töten und legt deren Städte in Schutt und Asche.</p>
<p>Aber das Fest wird nicht abgesagt. Es muss gefeiert werden. Abermals werden Knechte ausgeschickt. Nun sollen sie alle einladen, die sie auf der Straße treffen. Die Einladung soll alle erreichen. Die Bösen und die Guten ohne Unterschied. Niemand soll mehr ausgeschlossen werden.</p>
<p><strong>Historische Allegorie christliche Kirche und Judentum</strong></p>
<p>Natürlich wurde diese Geschichte allegorisch auf das Verhältnis von christlicher Kirche und Judentum übertragen. Und der Evangelist Matthäus hatte das wohl auch im Hinterkopf, als er dieses Gleichnis niederschrieb.</p>
<p>Das Volk Israel war immer wieder zur Mitwirkung am Reich Gottes berufen, durch die vielen Propheten des Alten Testamentes. Sie waren diejenigen, die ursprünglich eingeladen waren von Gott zum Festmahl der Auserwählten. Aber die jüdische Gemeinschaft hat sich nach dem Zeugnis der Schrift auch immer wieder gegen diese Rufe Gottes auflehnt, sie nicht angenommen, sogar diejenigen, die Gottes Wort nahe bringen wollten, umgebracht.</p>
<p>Sicherlich erinnert der Evangelist Matthäus beim Niederschreiben dieser Zeilen auch schon an die Ablehnung und Verfolgung der ersten Christinnen und Christen, die nach matthäischem Verständnis als Knechte ausgeschickt waren, die Bevölkerung in Israel zu überzeugen, dass in Jesus Christus der Messias gekommen war. Aber da diejenigen, die eigentlich Gottes Volk sind, nicht auf Gott den König hören, wird der Missionsauftrag ausgeweitet auf die Heiden. Nun werden eben diejenigen eingeladen, die auf der Straße sind, diejenigen, die eigentlich nicht zum Volk Gottes gehören, die das neue Volk Gottes werden sollen. Die Mission in alle Völker.</p>
<p>Sie werden gerufen, das Volk Gottes, die festlich versammelte Gemeinschaft zu werden.</p>
<p><strong>Die „Herausgerufenen“</strong></p>
<p>Das im Originaltext griechische Wort καλειν ("kalein") wird im Evangelium heute mit „rufen“ und mit „einladen“ übersetzt. Beide Bedeutungen sind möglich. Es wird benutzt sowohl bei der Einladung der ersten Gäste, die die Einladung ablehnen, wie auch bei der Einladung derer, die auf der Straße sind, die die neue Festgemeinde werden sollen. καλειν wird von Matthäus im vierten Kapitel seines Evangeliums auch in den Berufungsgeschichten der Jünger verwendet (vgl. Mt 4,21 u.a.) und später bei Paulus in seinem Brief an die Gemeinde in Thessaloniki als der Ruf in das Königreich Gottes (1 Thess 2,21). Und gleichzeitig ist καλειν das Stammverb für das Wort εκκλησια („Ekklesia“), die Heraus-Gerufenen - das Wort, das wir heute mit dem Begriff „Kirche“ übersetzen.</p>
<p>Das Wort „Kirche“ hatte also zuerst mal nichts Institutionelles an sich. Es war lediglich die Bezeichnung für die „Herausgerufenen“, die Ausgewählten. Wir, die Kirche, sind die eingeladenen, die gerufenen Gäste. Das Wort betrifft uns alle.</p>
<p>Denn auch wenn wir zu einer christlichen Kirche gehören, können wir uns sehr schnell - genau wie das Volk Israel - in der Rolle derer wiederfinden, die die Einladung zum Festmahl Gottes nicht annehmen wollen. Zu denjenigen, die zwar dem Namen nach zur Festgemeinde gehören, aber es nicht für nötig befinden, zum Fest zu gehen. - Und nüchtern betrachtet, ist es ja auch so.</p>
<p>Denn, was heißt es denn, zu diesen „Herausgerufenen“ zu gehören?</p>
<p>Es heißt, dass uns nicht nur die Ehre erwiesen wird, dass wir zu diesem Fest eingeladen sind, zur Hochzeit des Königssohnes. Sondern es heißt auch, dass wir bereit sein müssen, diese Ehre zu tragen, dass wir sie Ernst nehmen müssen, sie zu Konsequenzen in meinem Leben führt.</p>
<p><strong>Glaube erwartet Konsequenz</strong></p>
<p>Wenn ich in einem Umweltschutzverband arbeite oder mich ehrenamtlich für Umwelt- und Naturschutz engagiere, aber zugleich konsequent ignoriere, wie umweltschädlich und ressourcenverschwenderisch es ist, die Heizung aufzudrehen und gleichzeitig das Fenster den ganzen Tag gekippt zu lassen, um es auf diese Weise sowohl warm zu haben, als auch frische Luft zu atmen, fehlt es an dieser Ernsthaftigkeit. Da bekomme ich schneller als gedacht Schwierigkeiten mit meiner Glaubwürdigkeit. Denn wer will mir dann noch mein Engagement für Umwelt- und Naturschutz abnehmen?</p>
<p>Wenn ich in der Gemeinde davon rede, dass wir uns für einen fairen Handel mit den Ländern auf der südlichen Halbkugel engagieren müssen, um den Hunger auf der Welt zu vermindern und mehr Gerechtigkeit auf der Erde zu realisieren, aber gleichzeitig beim Kirchenkaffee und zu Hause nur „Dalmaier Prodomo“ oder „Jakobs Krönung“ ausschenke – weil die ja billiger sind als der faire Kaffee aus dem Eine-Welt-Handel -, werden meine Worte von der Notwendigkeit des „fairen Handels“ zu leeren Worthülsen, die keine Bedeutung haben.</p>
<p>Wenn ich getauft bin und mich auch bewusst als Christ oder Christin bezeichne, dies aber keinerlei Konsequenzen für mein Leben, mein Denken, mein Reden oder mein Tun hat, sondern ich genauso lebe, denke und handle, als wenn ich nicht getauft wäre, dann habe ich die Einladung des Königs zum Festmahl eigentlich nicht wirklich angenommen.</p>
<p><strong>Die Sakramente sollen verändern</strong></p>
<p>Die Taufe, die Eucharistie, die Eheschließung, alle Sakramente sind erst mal nur Symbole. Sie sind Zeichen – nach katholischer Auffassung: wirkmächtige, d.h. verändernde Zeichen. Aber es sind Zeichen, die darauf warten, nicht nur als Akt formal vollzogen zu werden, sondern die – um die Kraft, die sie in sich bergen, in ihrer ganzen Fülle entfalten zu können - eine Veränderungsbereitschaft in uns selber voraussetzen.</p>
<p>Sakramente wollen gelebt werden. In ihnen wird die andauernd und überall auf der Welt wirkende Gnade Gottes geschichtlich deutlich. In der Feier der Sakramente vergegenwärtigt sich punktuell in einem festlichen Akt in Zeit und Raum jene geheimnisvolle Gnade Gottes, die unauffällig unser ganzes Leben durchwaltet und in unserem ganzen oftmals grauen und bitteren Alltag des Lebens zum Sieg kommen will, wie dies der Theologe Karl Rahner einmal ausgedrückt hat.</p>
<p>Falls das jetzt zu viel Theologie war, will ich es noch mal ganz konkret deutlich werden lassen: „Werdet mehr und mehr, was ihr esst und trinkt. Leib und Blut Christ“: das sage ich manchmal als Sendewort nach dem Empfang der Kommunion zu den Menschen, die zum Sakrament der Eucharistie gekommen sind.</p>
<p>Wir empfangen in der Kommunion Christus selber, er selbst stärkt uns in diesem Mahl, wird selbst ein Teil von uns, sein heiliger Geist wird im Eucharistiegebet auf die Gaben von Brot und Wein und auf die Gemeinde herabgerufen. Das Eucharistiegebet erinnert uns an sein Leben, sein Sterben und seine Auferstehung und die Eucharistie gibt uns einen Ausblick auf das Festmahl in der zukünftigen Wirklichkeit des nicht endenden Lebens.</p>
<p>Empfangen wir das Mahl mit diesem Bewusstsein, wird Veränderung stattfinden. Bewusstseinsveränderung. Umkehr. Immer wieder neu. Das ganze Leben hindurch werde ich nie zu einem Punkt kommen können, an dem keine Veränderung mehr stattfinden muß. Ich werde nie ans Ende kommen, wenn ich von Christus selbst gestärkt dem Weg Christi zu folgen suche.</p>
<p>Unser ganzes Leben soll ein einziges Sakrament der Liebe Gottes zu den Menschen werden.</p>
<p>Es ist eine Veränderung, die im Herzen stattfindet. Nichts, wo ich irgendwelchen Gesetzen und antrainierten Regeln folge. Es ist eine Einsicht des Herzens in den Sinn des Lebens mit Gott, der nicht selten vom Sinn des Lebens in der Welt abweicht. Ein solch einsichtiges Herz wird mir allerdings manchmal vielleicht einen Weg wider alle menschliche Vernunft weisen.</p>
<p>So ist mir bis heute beispielsweise vollkommen unverständlich, wie George W. Bush, Präsident von „God’s own country“, einen Krieg gegen den Irak vorbereiten und führen konnte, ohne sich als gläubiger Christ Nacht für Nacht schlaflos im Bett zu wälzen, von dem Gedanken gepeinigt, es könnte noch irgendwelche anderen, bisher übersehenen, nicht-militärischen Wege geben, die Diktatur in Bagdad zu stürzen und den Menschen dort zur Freiheit und zur Selbstbestimmung zu verhelfen.</p>
<p>Aber um es von der Weltpolitik wieder auf unseren Alltag herunterzubrechen: Wenn wir uns auf eine Bewusstseinsveränderung im Namen Christi einlassen, wenn wir zulassen, dass die Sakramente wirkkräftige Zeichen in uns und bei uns werden, dann – so bin ich überzeugt - werden unsere Herzen mehr und mehr die Sprache der Liebe in allen Bereichen des Lebens erlernen, der Liebe zur Schöpfung, der Liebe zum Nächsten in nah und fern, der Liebe auch zu uns selber.</p>
<p>Dann werden wir das Festgewand angelegt haben und mit Christus selber gemeinsam sitzen am Tisch des Herrn.</p>
<p>Wir sind eingeladen zum großen Hochzeitsmahl.</p>
<p><em>Fotograf: JMJ.be - Quelle: www.flickr.de</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[God IS Evil, Man Has NO Free Will (According to Scripture)]]></title>
<link>http://truelogic.wordpress.com/?p=59</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 15:02:33 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>truelogic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://truelogic.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/god-is-evil-man-has-no-free-will-according-to-scripture/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Scriptures make it clear what is &#8220;of God&#8221; and just how much control this God has over al]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Scriptures make it clear what is "of God" and just how much control this God has over all things.</p>
<p>“I form the light, and create darkness: I (God) make peace and Create Evil” Isa. 45:7</p>
<p>Not only did God create Evil, but he created "all things" and that includes Satan.  God himself (according to the bible) claims to actually do evil and doesn't blame man for such things.</p>
<p>“...Shall there be Evil in a city, and the Lord has not done it?”</p>
<p>I understand that there are some that will not want to accept that Biblical Scriptures tell us that God created evil and God does evil.  The facts are that Scriptures make it clear throughout the Bible that EVERYTHING is of God.</p>
<p>If a child is abused, murdered, tortured:</p>
<p>“Yet ALL is of God” (II Cor.5:18)</p>
<p>If a woman is abused, murdered, tortured:</p>
<p>“God is operating ALL in ALL”(I Cor.12:6) </p>
<p>Operate: To control the function!</p>
<p>We have witnessed with God’s own words, if it happens, it is Of God.   </p>
<p>Not only does God admit He Created Evil and He Does Evil, he also admits to creating men to do wicked things.</p>
<p>“The Lord has made EVERYTHING for his own ends, even the Wicked for the Evil day” (Proverbs 16:4)<br />
AND<br />
“I (God) created the waster to DESTROY” (Isa. 54:16)</p>
<p>Scripture Exposes this Truth of the Christian God!<br />
The millions killed by Hitler and the child molested by a priest:<br />
“Yet All is of God”</p>
<p>“...Who Works ALL Things after the counsel of HIS own Will” (Eph.1:11)<br />
(Notice, ALL Things...that includes Evil)<br />
AND</p>
<p>“For OF Him, and THROUGH Him, and TO Him are ALL THINGS...”(Rom. 11:36)<br />
(Notice, ALL Things...that includes Evil)<br />
AND</p>
<p>“ It is the experience of Evil God has given to the sons of humanity to humble them by it” (Ecc. 1:13)</p>
<p>Additionally, God causes men to do Evil Things:</p>
<p>“O Lord, I know that the way of man is NOT in Himself, it is not in man that walks to direct his steps” (Jer. 10:23)</p>
<p>“The Lord has made everything for his own ends, even the Wicked for the Evil day”(Proverbs 16:4)</p>
<p>“To every thing there is a season (appointed time), and a time to every purpose (matter or event) under the heaven” (Ecc. 3:1)</p>
<p>AND</p>
<p>“I know that whatsoever God does...NOTHING can be put to it, nor Anything taken from it: and God does it” (Ecc 3:14)</p>
<p>Now we see that if something happens, God had appointed a time for it to happen.  Did someone you love die?  God appointed a time to die and exactly how we die.....according to scripture.</p>
<p>Notice, if all these scriptures are true, then man has NO free will!</p>
<p>Additional Scriptural References Exposing The Evil Christian God:</p>
<p>“I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil” (Isa. 45:7).<br />
“And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow… the tree of the knowledge of good and evil”  (Gen. 2:9).<br />
“It is an experience of evil God has given to the sons of humanity to humble them by it”  (Ecc. 1:13, Concordant Literal Old Testament).<br />
“Out of the mouth of the most High proceeds not evil and good?”  (Lam. 3:38).<br />
“I will raise up evil against you out of your own house…”  (II Sam. 12:11).<br />
“…I will bring evil from the north, and a great destruction”  (Jer. 4:6).<br />
“…Hear, O earth; behold, I will bring evil upon this people…” (Jer. 6:19).<br />
“…Thus says the Lord; Behold, I frame evil against you…”  (Jer. 18:11).<br />
“…so shall the Lord bring upon you all evil things, until He have destroyed you from off this good land…”  (Josh. 23:15)<br />
“What? Shall we receive good at the hand of God and shall we not receive evil?”  (Job 2:10).<br />
“…shall thee be evil in a city, and the Lord has not done it?”  (Amos 3:6).<br />
“Their infants will be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses will be looted and their wives ravished.” Isaiah 13:16  “Their bows will strike down the young men; they will have no mercy on infants nor will they look with compassion on children.” Isaiah 13:18<br />
 "Ephraim is blighted, their root is withered, they yield no fruit. Even if they bear children, I will slay their cherished offspring."  Hosea 9:16<br />
 “O daughter of Babylon, who art to be destroyed; happy shall he be, that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us. Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones.”  Psalm 137:8-9<br />
 “... because they have rebelled against their God. They will fall by the sword; their little ones will be dashed to the ground, their pregnant women ripped open.”  Hosea 13:16</p>
<p>If the Bible tells us that God created All, Operates all in all and we can do “NOTHING” but for the father.  Clearly, it is God that abuses, kills/murders and tortures.   He watches as it happens and hear the cries for help.  Therefore, ANYONE that suffers, God made the Choice to ignore their cries and let it continue.</p>
<p>As is clearly explained in Bible Scripture, God does all, Planned all, appointed a time for all, it is all of HIS will and according to his pleasures, desires and will.  NONE of this is of the will of men.  If "yet all is of God" and "EVERYTHING is of HIM" and we can "do NOTHING but for the father" and even  our "steps are NOT of ourselves" then clearly, Man has NO FREE WILL.</p>
<p>If someone wants to tell me it is out of context, then please tell me how NOT all is of God when the Bible tells us yet ALL is of God and through him and to him and by him.</p>
<p>Additionally, we need to remember this same God drowned most all life in a flood.  A slow, torturous flood that killed babies, infants, sucklings and the child still in the womb of the mother (abortion).</p>
<p>This very same Christian God apparently promises to torture BILLIONS with fire, day after day, for an eternity, to include children.</p>
<p>Folks, this is not MORAL...it is pure EVIL.</p>
<p>Good news for those that want to believe in this God is that the bible doesn't say men will be tortured for eternity by literal fire.  That is just the Christian promise to force you and their kids into believing.  All a part of brainwashing.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[God and Genes: How Faith and Science Can Coexist: Part 1]]></title>
<link>http://scienceguy288.wordpress.com/?p=597</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 14:08:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>scienceguy288</dc:creator>
<guid>http://scienceguy288.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/god-and-genes-how-faith-and-science-can-coexist-part-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As a scientist, I hear many other students and even professors saying that believing in a god would ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align:left;">As a scientist, I hear many other students and even professors saying that believing in a god would be like scientific suicide.  Others believe that religious faiths have interesting cultural ties, but no actual possible grounding in truth.  I find that, despite what shows like House and Bones lead us to believe, that many scientists, however, do believe in a God, particularly physicists and doctors.  Doctors witness many cases with individuals dying terrible deaths, yet holding onto their faiths.  If faith is a psychological crutch in these circumstances, then it is a very strong one.  If religion is only a tradition, why aren't these people throwing it down?   Why are they not angry with God, this supposedly loving superpower?</div>
<p> </p>
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="348" caption="C.S. Lewis: Or friend and mentor who is sorely missed."]<img title="CS" src="http://emmaline1138.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/lewis.jpg" alt="Or friend and mentor who is sorely missed." width="348" height="492" />[/caption]
<p>One of the biggest proofs of God for me is what C.S. Lewis, a convert, called the "Moral Law."  It is only seen in humans.  Although sometimes animals show some tiny speck of morality, they are not common, nor consistent.  But is this state I shall call conscience intrinsically human or just a result of cultural ubringing?</p>
<p>Many people today buy into a philosophy called post-modernism.  Here, there are no ultimate truths, and all right and wrong is subjective.  But then how can post-modernism itself be true, as there are not ultimate truths? </p>
<p>Now for more about Moral Law.  One of the greatest forces for this Modern Law is altruism: our conscience urging us to help others even if we do not receive any benefits, or even if it causes us harm.  Note: altruism is not give and take, it is simply give.  C.S. Lewis coined this selfless love agape.  This goes against pretty much everything evolutionists say ought to happen naturally.  They say that people's motives are driven by a desire to perpetuate their gene pool.  But how did Mother Theresa's helping the lepers of Calcutta help her gene pool?  Some say that this is a positive attribute in mate selection.  But nonhuman primates do the exact opposite.  Instead of helping others raise their young, for example, most chimps will practice infanticide so that his genes are more dominant.  Others say that these acts will help us in the future, but this does not account for the favors somebody does for random people he will never meet again.  Still others say that altruism will help the whole group, but almost all evolutionists agree that evolution operates on the individual; not the population.</p>
<p>So if Naural Law or Moral Law is not cultural or biological, then how did it come about.  Again, we return to our friend C.S. Lewis "If there was a ctonrolling power outside of the universe, it could not show itself to us as one of the facts in the universe, just as an architect cannot be a wall of the house he designed.  He (or she) could only show himself inside ourselves as an influenc trying to get us to behave in a certain way, just as we find."</p>
<p>So how can such beliefs be held by a scientist?  What about data?  Well, fortunately, this is only part one.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Att hantera Ryssland]]></title>
<link>http://bjornaxen.wordpress.com/?p=272</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 11:57:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Björn Axén</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bjornaxen.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/att-hantera-ryssland/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nu när det gått ett tag sedan Ryssland och Georgiens lilla krig så kan man undra hur man ska bete]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Nu när det gått ett tag sedan Ryssland och Georgiens lilla krig så kan man undra hur man ska bete sig mot Ryssland. Även om det ryska agerandet framstår som irrationellt (se <a title="Ryssland &#38; makt" href="http://bjornaxen.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/ryssland-och-makt/" target="_blank">här</a>) finns det mycket som tyder på att Ryssland kommer fortsätta på detta spår (se <a title="Det kaukasiska lackmustestet" href="http://www.foi.se/FOI/Templates/NewsPage____7239.aspx" target="_blank">FOI:s rapport</a>). Frågan är då vad för strategi som krävs för att främja fred, frihet och demokrati.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Jag är övertygad om att när det gäller Ryssland måste man sätta hårt mot hårt. Ryssar ser allt annat som mjäkigt och mjäkighet respektieras inte. Det leder bara till att ryssarna ser det som att de kan fortsätta det inslagna spåret.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Det betyder dock inte att vi ska stänga ute Ryssland. Öppenhet, samarbete och integration är förutsättningar för de ideal som väst står för och är bra för både den ryska staten, samhället och folket.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">När det kommer till konkreta frågor som t.ex. Natomedlemskap så är det upp till de länder som vill gå med i Nato att avgöra om det är bra eller dåligt. Argumentet att det skulle reta Ryssland är varken praktiskt eller moraliskt hållbart. Praktiskt så kan Ryssland inte göra något mot väst om väst verkligen inte vill det. Om alla natoländer ställde upp på artikel 5 så har Ryssland inget att sätta emot. Att tveka visar bara för Ryssland att väst inte verkar stå enat och det är endast ett enat väst som kan stå emot Ryssland. Detta öppnar för att Ryssland vågar utmana väst.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Moraliskt så handlar det om att länder som vill gå med i Nato vill de för att de vet vad den ryska staten är kapabel till och att de inom Nato är skyddade. Nato står dessutom allt mer för västs värden om frihet och demokrati och främjar där med i sig själv dessa mål. Det är ingen som tvingar dessa länder att gå med i Nato. Väst har motviligt öppnat upp för fler medlemmar vilket visar på väst enorma mjuka makt. Den mjuka makten måste dock garanteras av hård makt och det är detta som gör Nato så pass avgörande särsklit när Ryssland så pass tydligt visat att den hårda makten är det fler som leker med än USA. Att hindra länder att gå med i Nato är att begränsa och undergräva västs mjuka makt. Detta är både praktiskt och moraliskt förkastligt.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">På detta sätt kan man visa att väst är starkare (både matriellt och moraliskt) och på så sätt tvinga Ryssland att följa frihetens och demokratins väg vilket kommer att ge fred. Att inte göra det och ge vika för Ryssland kommer visserligen antagligen inte hota väst i särskilt hög grad men det kan mycket väl komma att vara förädande för dem som råkar leva i länder som ännu inte blivit en del av väst även om de skulle önska det.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La Clase Política]]></title>
<link>http://canuit.wordpress.com/?p=387</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 11:37:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>canuit</dc:creator>
<guid>http://canuit.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/la-clase-politica/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Siempre me referí a los políticos como los profesionales de no hacer absolutamente nada por el pu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-389" src="http://canuit.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/trsh-copia1.jpg" alt="" width="374" height="378" /></p>
<p>Siempre me referí a los políticos como los profesionales de no hacer absolutamente nada por el pueblo y la clase trabajadora y cobrar bien por ello.</p>
<p>Y para ello os voy a dejar este decálogo, para que hagáis un examen de conciencia y decidáis si estoy equivocado o acertado: </p>
<p>- Mira donde viven ellos, mira donde vives Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira lo que cobran ellos, mira lo que cobras Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira como viajan ellos, mira como viajas Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira como visten ellos, mira como vistes Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira que coches tienen ellos, mira el que tienes Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira como prometen ellos, mira como cumples Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira como huyen ellos, Mita como luchas Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira como ríen ellos, mira como lloras Tú.</p>
<p>- Mira como pactan entre ellos, mira como te moderas Tú.</p>
<p>- En definitiva, Mira como viven ellos, mira como vives Tú.<br />
<strong>TODAS NUESTRAS ILUSIONES NO COGEN EN VUESTRAS URNAS</strong></p>
<p>Las vuestras no lo se, pero las mías seguro que no. Por eso estoy con el Acrata que me paso este decálogo y me dijo:</p>
<p><strong>NO VOTES. BÓTALOS.</strong><br />
Yo seguiré votando, pero para cambiarlos por gente con principios, porque estos hace mucho que los perdieron.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>El Canuit que lo dice como lo siente.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[How to act like a social libertarian. ]]></title>
<link>http://freeze43.wordpress.com/?p=27</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 03:28:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>freeze43</dc:creator>
<guid>http://freeze43.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/how-to-act-like-a-social-libertarian/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Wow its been awhile since I&#8217;ve updated but I&#8217;ve got a decent one so I&#8217;ll try and m]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wow its been awhile since I've updated but I've got a decent one so I'll try and make it worthwhile.</p>
<p>I've studied ethics from varying courses including religious-based concepts for years now. While I wouldn't neccessarily call myself an expert there is no shortage of faults for all of them. From Singer's utilitarianism to Naturalistic Ethics, hedonism to eudamonia, all of them suffer from a plague- over complication. I personally feel that its a case of too many cooks spoiling the broth; in this case the cooks are rules or principles and the broth is a way in which to live. Furthermore, the demands they set upon the average joe are often ludicrous- it is simply unrealistic to ask anything more from a person than what they want and what they perceive. In fact, it is one of my own tenets of libertarianism that we question any situation without basis of obligation.</p>
<p>Getting back to it, libertarianism works well for me. There's a healthy dose of Satreism involved, with how one makes his own values through the world but if we are going to apply it to real world events then I guess I should use a real world political stance like libertarianism.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">How to approach practically anything</span></p>
<p>To begin with, I would like to first make some assumptions based upon anyone who wants to be libertarianist:</p>
<p>- you believe that a clear cut definition of good/evil is a retarded way of looking at the world.</p>
<p>- you believe that you are vulnerable to error.</p>
<p>- you're not going to throw in some spiritual reasons ad hoc and expect other people to adhere to them.</p>
<p>Ok now they we got that out of the way I hypothesise that you should ask yourself some questions whenever an ethical standpoint wants to be addressed. The questions intermingle at times, but that's a good thing as I'll explain later.</p>
<p><em>Question 1: what right do I have to tell another person what to do?</em></p>
<p>Consider your personal obligation and your personal justification for a protest or whatever action. If you think you should kill another, what gives you the right to kill? Again, involving any spiritual justification is illogical and plain idiotic, so remove yourself from that. If you feel you have legitimate involvement in other people's decision making. If its a decision that you are making, consider what rights or lack of rights you have to that situation.</p>
<p><em>Question 2: Do you fully appreciate the positions within the debate?</em></p>
<p>Do you believe you can accurately and fully comprehend what people are talking about when they mount a particular position? Can you personally think that, from another person's position, that their argument is valid and justified? If you can consider an alternative to your own, then consult question 1- what right do you have to tell another person, in another position, what to do?</p>
<p><em>Question 3: What impact does the debate have on me or my loved ones?</em></p>
<p>If the impact is considerable, then naturally you have a greater right to become involved. If it has less of an impact, you have less of a right and obligation. Buried in mind this is quite far reaching things like economy for example can have profound effects on you and your loved ones, even if it is indirect.</p>
<p><em>Question 4: Is the alternative better?</em></p>
<p>Is an alternative viewpoint a better idea for everyone involved? If you have a differing opinion, will that satiate opposers or simply make yourself better off? If the alternative to getting punched in the arm is being shot in the face, then obviously being punched in the arm is the best possible outcome.</p>
<p><em>Question 5: What does science say?</em></p>
<p>Science is not judge, it is a tool. If there is something that science has a say in, it should be noted and fully recognised as a valuable tool in your decision making.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Notice that I'm not making a plan of how these questions should be evaluated, or what your rights are. I too, personally do not have any right to say what rights are, beyond science so it would be hypocritical of me to tell you what is. By asking these questions to yourself you will have at least given yourself a better idea on how to approach things. I urge you to err on the side of freedom and personal choice.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Some examples: Marijuana legalization</p>
<p>Response to question 1:</p>
<p>what right does anyone have to say to anyone else whether they can smoke cannibis? Do I have a divine right in any way to stop or disallow someone else making that choice?</p>
<p>question 2: The positions within the debate are fairly obvious in this case. Proponents believe that it is a beneficial or entirely responsible herb, less dangerous than alcohol or tabacco. Those against stress that another drug is dangerous, and that it leads to a gateway effect. There is somewhat of a deadlock here, and politicians tend to side with the most votes.</p>
<p>question 3: The legalization of marijuana would have a positive effect on myself and loved ones. By doing so, myself and my loved ones recieve more options about how to live their lives which is as always invaluable. While their intoxication could cause difficulties, the response to question 5 should clear this up.</p>
<p>question 4: The alternative is non legalization. Marijuana will continue to be sold illegally but relatively obtainable for anyone who wants it. It can be cut with god-knows-what and has no regulations regarding its quality making it a more dangerous product. The alternative is not abysmal, but certainly worse than increasing freedoms.</p>
<p>question 5: this is where the debate has the most grounding. Scientifically, marijuana has been found to be not physically addictive, has next to no side effects beyond the absolute highest of doses over an extraordinarily long amount of time and is profoundly less harmful than alcohol and tabacco, putting it somewhere in the region of caffeine. There is no scientific or sociological reason (consider Netherlands' successful drug policy) to not legalize marijuana.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Crossing the Waters]]></title>
<link>http://xpresscoffee.wordpress.com/?p=301</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 02:27:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mr.R</dc:creator>
<guid>http://xpresscoffee.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/crossing-the-waters/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This is one story that my father often used to say when i was child. Its a story narrated by Sri Ram]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color:#808080;">This is one story that my father often used to say when i was child. Its a story narrated by <em><strong>Sri Ramakrishna Paramahans</strong></em> about the belief and faith. </span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000ff;">This story is about a farmer's daughter whose duty it was to carry fresh milk to customers in various villages. One of the customers was a priest. To reach his house, the milkmaid had to cross a good-sized stream. People crossed it by a sort of ferry raft, for a small fee.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000ff;">One day the priest, who performed worship daily with the offering to God of fresh milk, finding it arrived very late, scolded the poor woman. "What can I do?" she said, "I start out early from my house, but I have to wait a long time for the boatman to come." Then the priest said (pretending to be serious), "What! People have even walked across the ocean by repeating the name of God, and you can't cross this little river?" This milkmaid took him very seriously. From then on she brought the priest's milk punctually every morning. He became curious about it and asked her how it was that she was never late anymore.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000ff;">"I cross the river repeating the name of the Lord," she replied, "just as you told me to do, without waiting for the ferry." The priest didn't believe her, and asked, "Can you show me this, how you cross the river on foot?" So they went together to the water and the milkmaid began to walk over it. Looking back, the woman saw that the priest had started to follow her and was floundering in the water. "Sir!" she cried, "You are uttering the name of God, yet all the while you are holding up your clothes from getting wet. That is not trusting in God!"</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000ff;">Never under-estimate the power of <strong>faith! </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#808080;">The story brings in a very important truth on faith and belief. Even if the Guru is not strong but if the disciple wholeheartedly accepts him/her as a Guru and have an absolete faith in his/her sayings . The strong belief/faith propels the disciple even if the Guru flounders.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Teaching Trade and Its Philosophical Case]]></title>
<link>http://overtonsarrow.wordpress.com/?p=176</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 00:03:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Carl Oberg</dc:creator>
<guid>http://overtonsarrow.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/teaching-trade-and-its-philosophical-case/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[On Friday, I had the opportunity and responsibility to educate some undergrads on the international ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On Friday, I had the opportunity and responsibility to educate some undergrads on the international trade regime, specifically the structure and purpose of the WTO (special thanks to <a href="http://www.washingtonsemester.com/ilo.html" target="_blank">Shawn Bates and the whole AU-Washington Semester program</a>).  Well, that's what it is supposed to be about but it always ends up being a spirited argument about the nature of trade and globalization.  Its a tough assignment for 90 minutes, but the discussion has been good the past 3-4 semesters.</p>
<p>The class went well and most of the questions were the standard WTO bureaucratic detail inquiries.  Then a women in front asked the following: "Are you pro free trade, and if so, what are some of the problems with it?"  Good question: calling on me to take a normative stand and then asking me to shoot it down, as nothing is perfect.</p>
<p>For the first time, I decided to start off with my moral/philosophical case.  Here's a short essay I wrote a few months ago that expresses the idea:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">I had some books that served their purpose and it was time to get rid of them.  I could have given them to the library or sent them to friends, but I chose to sell them on Amazon.  Unthinkingly, I clicked the box allowing international sales.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Somebody in Nebraska bought one of the books.  I went down to the post office, addressed a large envelope, paid my postage and sent the book on its way.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Later, someone in the Philippines bought a different book.  The process down at the post office was a bit different this time.  I had to declare the fact that there was a book inside the envelope.  I had to assign it a monetary value.  I had to provide my name and address on the customs form.  When the book reached the Philippines it necessarily traveled through the Philippines postal system.  So now the Philippine government know who's receiving books from overseas ... not that The Philippines is an oppressive dictatorship, but I don't know who I've sold my book to.  Lastly, the book purchaser may have received a bill from the Philippine customs services for taking possession of a good from abroad.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">So what is the difference between these two transactions?  In one case, a human being chose to exchange money for a good owned by another human being.  In the other case, the exact same thing happened.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">The Philippines is much further from Washington, DC than Nebraska and so transportation costs were higher, but the buyer and I worked that out.  The book was in English, not Spanish or Tagalog, but the buyer didn't seem to care.  Not my problem.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">In other words, my Philippine business partner and I worked out off of the issues that could potentially scuttle this deal.  Why, then, was all that extra effort and cost required?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Fundamentally, it's a hold over from a 400-year old assumption that the nation-state is the prime mover in international trade.  It's Westphalian mercantilist nonsense: exporting is good, importing is bad.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">I was surprised with how well this held up with the students.  Then I went into the standard "diffuse benefits, concentrated costs" argument supplemented with a bit of the importance of technological change.  A short detour was made to "what if we protected all the buggy whip manufacturers" land.  Here, I was surprised that this seemed to be the first time these kids had heard these arguments.  It held up.  Either I was boring them to inaction, or they accepted my story.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Law From a Catholic Lens]]></title>
<link>http://somosierra.wordpress.com/?p=245</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 23:59:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rev. Fr. Jessie Somosierra</dc:creator>
<guid>http://somosierra.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/13/law-from-a-catholic-lens/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Kevin Lee on the Church and Legal Culture
Buies Creek, North Carolina, Aug. 26, 2007 (Zenit.org).- M]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Kevin Lee on the Church and Legal Culture</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Buies Creek, North Carolina, Aug. 26, 2007 (Zenit.org).- Much ink has been spilled over the supposed implications of having five Catholic justices sitting simultaneously on the U.S. Supreme Court.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">But beyond speculation about what results this development may produce in specific cases such as abortion, there has been little discussion of what a uniquely Catholic understanding of American law actually means and how it may apply in the various substantive areas of law.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A new book, "Recovering Self-Evident Truths: Catholic Perspectives on American Law," (CUA Press), attempts to fill this void by explaining the theological and philosophical considerations that are foundational to a Catholic understanding of the law.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Kevin Lee, a professor of law at Campbell University, and author of the chapter titled "The Foundations of Catholic Legal Theory: A Primer," shared with ZENIT the contours of a distinctively Catholic understanding of law, and how Catholics may productively contribute to the law's development.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Q: What does it mean to offer a Catholic perspective on American law? Is it simply a critique of legal institutions like feminist legal theory, or does it offer something more?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lee: A Catholic perspective must be concerned with what it means to be committed to Christ and to his Church.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">So a Catholic perspective on American law means considering what law looks like from within that commitment.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">It involves a critique of institutions and theories, but it also requires critical reflection on the patterns of meaning that shape and are shaped by the law and the legal system.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Q: Why is it necessary to ground an understanding of a legal system in a distinctively Christian anthropology?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lee: It is not "necessary," in the sense that it is possible to create a legal system rooted in some other anthropology.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Much of contemporary American legal theory, for example, can scarcely be considered compatible with a Christian anthropology.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">But I think Catholic anthropology has a contribution to make. It offers a unique understanding of the irreducible dignity of the person and the giftedness of the community.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Catholic thought affirms that human beings are creatures with particular natures, capacities and limitations.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">We all have dignity as bearers of the "imago Dei," but we are also sinful and prone to weaknesses. We form communities naturally, through small acts of love and kindness, but that does not mean that we are not capable of meanness and selfishness.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The Anglo-American legal system could simply abandon its Christian roots as archaic or nonsensical, but doing that would mean abandoning our tradition and denying that tradition has anything to offer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Anyone who would advocate that position would bear a heavy burden of proof.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Q: A number of scholars are rediscovering the Catholic influence on the formation of Western legal systems -- an influence that lasted well into the last century. Does the Catholic conception of reciprocal rights and duties, so long a part of Anglo-American law, continue to govern our legal system, or have individualistic and modern liberal theories such as those of John Rawls transformed American law?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lee: There is no doubt that the contemporary Anglo-American legal system has been massively influenced by modern liberal democratic theories.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">But, I don't think that Catholic thought is in total opposition to either modernity or liberalism. It is much more complex than that.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Modern liberals, like Catholics, are concerned with rights and justice.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">For example, Pope John Paul II's passion for individual freedom against totalitarian rule found support among liberals.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The critique is more nuanced than a simple rejection of modernity and liberalism.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Q: What role does natural law play in Catholic legal theory? Is the natural law the "self-evident truths" that the American founders asserted governed political life?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lee: Natural law is based on the belief that nature has rational purposes. It seeks to read moral precepts from such purposes as they are visible in nature.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Citing St. Paul's letter to the Romans, Christian natural law theorists have held that these precepts are based on self-evident foundational principles. But, it is a theory that is no longer widely accepted.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Modern science opposes the idea that there is any purpose to nature, moral or otherwise.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Contemporary secular philosophy largely denies moral truth altogether, and even contemporary Christian ethicists tend to look to virtue rather than law when speaking about morality.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nonetheless, natural law theory still offers many insights and poses interesting questions.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">For Christians, natural law theory has to be worked out in relation to the creation stories of Genesis. There are of course two antithetical natures for human beings in Genesis: one of eternal innocence and integrity, and the other of the fall and fragmentation.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The fall suggests a limit to our ability to gain moral knowledge from examining nature. It is possible to read the signs of nature correctly only if we understand the realities to which the signs refer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">But the fall impedes our capacity to know the ultimate reality because we no longer read the signs correctly. So a complete reading of the natural law will always elude our fallen, temporal selves.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Catholics typically have been more optimistic than Protestants in assessing the depth of our fallen nature. They have tended to argue that even the fall calls us to salvation because we can remember something of our pre-fallen state.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Protestants are more likely to see the fall as a complete forgetfulness of God that can only be healed by God's initiative. Nonetheless, Catholics and Protestants agree that we are deeply marked by the fall, and reason alone does not secure our ability to "read the signs" that tell of the purposes of nature.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">That is why reason alone offers no sure guide to moral life. Benedict XVI has referred to the "pathologies of reason" to suggest this danger.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Christian moral theory must always be sensitive to excessive claims about the role that nature and natural reason can play in the moral life.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">God's gifts of grace -- or example what St. Thomas called the infused virtues: faith, hope and charity -- are essential to the moral life, but they are typically discounted in natural law theories because they suggest limits to natural reason, and therefore moral knowledge is not self-evident.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Q: G.K. Chesterton and many other commentators have said that the American Declaration of Independence is a very Catholic document. Why would they make such a claim when all but one of the signatories were Protestants?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lee: I believe Chesterton was referring to the presumption of equal dignity that he saw in the declaration and in the ethos of the American democracy. Equal dignity is part and parcel of the distinctly Catholic reading of Genesis that I referred to earlier.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Because Catholics affirm that the dignity of human beings is intrinsic and therefore independent of variable traits, it is equal among all persons.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Catholics affirm that human beings have an intrinsic dignity that is not contingent or alienable, that all human beings share equal dignity in the "imago Dei." That's a distinctively Catholic view.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">It is not found in Locke, for example, who related human dignity to the contingencies of consciousness. I think that's what Chesterton had in mind.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Q: You argue that Pope John Paul II left an important legacy for those seeking to explore what the Catholic intellectual tradition may offer modern legal systems. Can you elaborate?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Lee: John Paul II was one of the greatest Christian thinkers of the last century.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">His thought offers a unique Catholic approach to modernity. His philosophical project sought to be a modern science of human experience.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">But, his work is also fully theological. For him, the point of philosophy is to live with divine wisdom. He offers a rich theological anthropology for thinking through difficult questions about matters such as the nature of moral value, the experience of moral meaning, and the scope of human agency and responsibility.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">His work strikes out against the modes of human self-creation that are common in scientific and technological thinking. His insights into moral experience, human dignity, freedom, philosophy and wisdom are all hallmarks of the depth and substance of his thought.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">I think we are only beginning to understand his importance both as Pope and as scholar. His legacy will continue to grow for a long time to come.</p>
<hr>
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<title><![CDATA[O Batismo no Espírito Santo é apenas uma Teoria ?]]></title>
<link>http://presentepravoce.wordpress.com/?p=2458</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 19:41:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>presentepravoce</dc:creator>
<guid>http://presentepravoce.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/o-batismo-no-espirito-santo-e-apenas-uma-teoria/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Teoria absurda é afirmar que uma verdade Bíblica seria apenas uma teoria Carismática.
MAS FOI ES]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Teoria absurda é afirmar que uma verdade Bíblica seria apenas uma teoria Carismática.</h2>
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">MAS FOI ESTA A AFIRMAÇÃO </span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><a title="LINK PARA A AFIRMAÇÃO." href="http://intribulationepatientes.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/o-batismo-no-espirito-nao-se-confunde-com-o-sacramento-da-crisma/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#ff0000;">QUE ENCONTREI NESTE LINK</span></a></h1>
<h2 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">CLICK E LEIA </span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Este texto abaixo é uma resposta a uma afirmação do Jovem Responsável pelo Blog "Pacientes na Tribulação", porque lançou um desafio aos Carismáticos para que lhe provem que Deus realmente nos Batiza com seu Espírito Santo, Porém o mesmo apaga todo e qualquer comentário que lhe é enviado como se nenhum carismático ou qualquer outra pessoa lhe tivesse dito qualquer coisa a este respeito.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Mantendo assim a sua palavra como suprema e portanto imbatível.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Um desafio não respondido e portanto declarando o oponente como perdedor.</h2>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;">veja as minhas respostas neste Blog, já que meus comentários a este respeito em outros blog's foram apagados, CLICK  e leia diversas respostas para este tema.</h3>
<h3 style="text-align:center;"><a title="Batismo no Espirito Santo." href="http://presentepravoce.wordpress.com/?s=batismo+no+espirito+santo" target="_blank">O BATISMO NO ESPÍRITO SANTO É REAL !</a></h3>
<p style="text-align:center;">http://presentepravoce.wordpress.com/?s=batismo+no+espirito+santo</p>
<h3 style="text-align:center;">.</h3>
</blockquote>
<h1><span style="color:#ff0000;">COMENTÁRIO POSTADO </span></h1>
<h1><span style="color:#ff0000;">como resposta<br />
</span></h1>
<p><cite>On Outubro 12, 2008 at 4:52 pm presentepravoce Said: </cite> <em></em></p>
<p><em>Your comment is awaiting moderation.</em></p>
<h3 style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#800080;">[...]...Os textos grifados entre colchetes são afirmações do Blog em questão no qual este comentário foi postado no link que o redireciona ao texto chave...[...]</span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Sizenando<br />
Olá amigos, é um prazer Vê-los novamente.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">[...] - <a title="PACIÊNTES NA TRIBULAÇÃO." href="http://intribulationepatientes.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/o-batismo-no-espirito-nao-se-confunde-com-o-sacramento-da-crisma/#comment-245" target="_blank">a fim de demonstrar o quanto é absurda a teoria do “batismo no Espírito</a>”.[...]</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Vamos falar de “TEORIA”</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Teoria é algo que não existe, mas pelo que vejo todos nós concordamos que o Batismo no Espírito Santo é algo bem real, o que difere em nosso pensamento é então a sua Criação.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Você diz que os protestantes inventaram o Batismo no Espírito Santo, logo não seria Divino e sim totalmente humano e portanto execrável.<br />
Concordo em numero e grau que tudo que for invenção humana, devemos abolir da Igreja.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Porém estas palavras são Bíblicas e aparecem nas sagradas escrituras, pela primeira vez quando São João Batista diz:<br />
(São João 1,33)</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">[...] Este é quem Batiza no Espírito Santo. [...]</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Se é Jesus quem Batiza no Espírito Santo, logo não seria uma invensão humana, muito menos dos tais protestantes.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Mas de onde João Batista tirou estas palavras ?<br />
Disse ele:</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">[...] Aquele que me mandou batizar em água…[...]</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Quem seria este “Aquele”, certamente ele estava falando do próprio Criador de todas as coisas, que falou com João em particular sobre algo que nunca tinha sido dito antes, porém entendiam-se claramente que ele falava de estar mergulhados na presença da graça de Deus, porém, o resultado desta atitude ninguém sabia o que seria.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Mesmo havendo citações bíblicas no velho testamento, Jesus explicou como isto aconteceria a seus Discípulos desde o primeiro dia até o ultimo “Dia de Pentecostes”.<br />
Porque começaram a segui-lo com a promessa de serem Batizados no Espírito Santo, logo é o que buscavam em Jesus e terminou no pentecostes que realmente foi o cumprimento desta promessa para eles.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Então podemos resumir a sua “teoria” em algo que os discipulos de Jesus buscaram e queriam desde o momento que João os mandou segui-lo, até o momento que aquela chama de fogo repousou em seus corações.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Uma teoria tão real como a Igreja que existe hoje, porque se aqueles discipulos não tivessem acreditado em João e não tivessem seguido Jesus, não teriam recebido nada e não existiria Igreja hoje.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Teoria meu caro Márcio é dizer que Deus é uma Teoria,<br />
Vejo que você não tem a minima fé, porque diz que uma ação Divina é apenas teoria, pobre Nicodemos, tanta sabedoria humana, mas acabou rejeitando a sabedoria Divina que lhe daria a salvação.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">[...] <a title="Confira esta afirmação." href="http://intribulationepatientes.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/o-batismo-no-espirito-nao-se-confunde-com-o-sacramento-da-crisma/#comment-245" target="_blank">No “batismo no Espírito” não se usa óleo nenhum</a> [...] -</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Logo não devemos confundir uma simples oração invocando a presença de Deus em minha vida e de meus Irmãos, desejando permanecer sempre submersos na graça de Deus com a administração de uma Sacramento único que simboliza apenas o princípio de uma vida inteira plena da presença de Deus. O que fazemos é simplesmente o que foi proposto no sacramento do crisma, nos tornamos soldados de Cristo que vão a luta todos os dias.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Treinam quando não estão em batalha, se alimentam, saciam a sede, preparam suas armas ou então serão presas fáceis para seus inimigos.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Leia a Bíblia, e por favor não faça uma afirmação absurda como esta, de dizer que um texto bíblico aceito pela Igreja como inpirado e base de toda a nossa fé, e que faz parte até mesmo do “CREDO” que professamos, seria apenas uma “TEORIA” carismática.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Está é muito simplória, pra não dizer herética.<br />
uma negação de uma verdade Bíblica é heresia e se você negar a Bíblia será mais heresia ainda.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Eu até aceitaria o que você disse sobre os Carismáticos terem copiado o Batismo no Espirito Santo dos protestantes, desde que voce aceite que os protestantes copiaram o Batismo no Espírito Santo dos Católicos que viveram a palavra de Deus como ela é “AINDA HOJE” por mil e quinhentos anos antes de Lutero existir.<br />
E jamais aceito que digam que as palavras de Deus são uma “TEORIA”.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">(Hebreus 4,12)<br />
Porque a palavra de Deus é viva, eficaz, mais penetrante do que uma espada de dois gumes e atinge até a divisão da alma e do corpo, das juntas e medulas, e discerne os pensamentos e intenções do coração.<br />
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bibliacatolica.com.br/busca/01/1/juntas+e+medulas">http://www.bibliacatolica.com.br/busca/01/1/juntas+e+medulas</a></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Fique com Deus.</h2>
<h1>Retorne ao post em</h1>
<h1><a title="PRESENTEPRAVOCÊ." href="http://presentepravoce.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/o-batismo-no-espirito-santo-e-apenas-uma-teoria/" target="_blank">presentepravocê:</a></h1>
<p>http://presentepravoce.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/o-batismo-no-espirito-santo-e-apenas-uma-teoria/</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Sábio Confúcio!]]></title>
<link>http://literaturaemcontagotas.wordpress.com/?p=299</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 19:33:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>telminha21</dc:creator>
<guid>http://literaturaemcontagotas.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/sabio-confucio/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Confúcio foi um consagrado pensador chinês, nascido em meados do longínquo século VI, cujas má]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://literaturaemcontagotas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/933050_chinese_landscape.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-301 aligncenter" title="933050_chinese_landscape" src="http://literaturaemcontagotas.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/933050_chinese_landscape.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="186" /></a></p>
<p>Confúcio foi um consagrado pensador chinês, nascido em meados do longínquo século VI, cujas máximas são aplicáveis desde que o mundo é mundo e até os dias atuais. Ele doutrinava especialmente sobre moral, política e educação e sua sabedoria e senso de realidade são impressionantes.</p>
<p><a href="http://literaturaemcontagotas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/1024035_yin_yang.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-302" title="1024035_yin_yang" src="http://literaturaemcontagotas.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/1024035_yin_yang.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="193" /></a></p>
<p> Abaixo, postamos três pensamentos seus, dignos de muita reflexão: um sobre o poder da persistência, outro sobre a dedicação ao conhecimento e, por fim, um sobre a escolha da profissão:</p>
<p>"Transportai um punhado de terra todos os dias e, logo, terás uma montanha".</p>
<p>"Aplica-te ao estudo como se jamais fosses capaz de aprender e tal como se temesses perder o já sabido".</p>
<p>"Escolhe um trabalho de que gostes, e não terás que trabalhar nem um dia na tua vida".</p>
<p><a href="http://literaturaemcontagotas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/1041773_dragon1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-303" title="1041773_dragon1" src="http://literaturaemcontagotas.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/1041773_dragon1.jpg" alt="" width="142" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>Telma</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Om Humes lag och den moraliska realismen - Ett svar till Henrik Sundholm]]></title>
<link>http://agga.wordpress.com/?p=135</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 12:14:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Andrés</dc:creator>
<guid>http://agga.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/om-humes-lag-ett-svar-till-henrik-sundholm/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Konceptuella och logiska tolkningar av Humes lag har i ljuset av vissa motargument visat sig vara og]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Konceptuella och logiska tolkningar av Humes lag har i ljuset av vissa motargument visat sig vara ogiltiga <em>ibland.</em> Dessa motargument har emellertid bara visat att lagen har undantagsfall (då det är en konceptuell nödvändighet att ett löfte implicerar ett förpliktigande, exempelvis). De har inte visat att brott mot Humes lag låter sig göras generellt och oproblematiskt. Detta faktum är såklart allmänt vedertaget inom den akademiska moralfilosofin. För filosofer <em>utan</em> akademisk bakgrund är det inte alltid uppenbart varför dock. Deras kritik tycks mig oftare än inte vara utslag av oförståelse och flummiga misstolkningar. Detta slog mig som allra tydligast när jag läste den (ö)kände bloggaren <a title="Henrik Sundholms inlägg" href="http://www.equil.net/?p=493" target="_blank">Henrik Sundholms inlägg</a> om ämnet. Jag vill i detta inlägg bemöta herr Sundholms kritik och även göra ett litet förtydligande av lagens innebörd. På så vis hoppas jag kunna visa varför den har blivit så accepterad inom den analytiska moralfilosofin.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Henrik Sundholm tycks i sitt inlägg tolka innebörden av Humes lag som att mena att moralen inte kan härledas ur fakta, då ett "böra" inte kan härledas ur ett "vara". Av sin grova tolkning drar han sedan två slutsatser, nämligen (1) att moralen endast kan härledas ur icke-varat (vad nu detta skulle betyda), eller (2) att den inte kan härledas alls. För det första är det missvisande att säga att lagen skulle innebära att moralen enligt Hume inte kan härledas ur fakta, för i logiska härledningar används inte fakta som sådana, utan <em>satser</em> eller <em>symboler</em>. Dessa satser eller symboler må sedan beskriva eller representera beskrivningar av fakta, men detta är inte nödvändigt. Att satser antingen beskriver fakta eller icke-fakta är alltså ett grundlöst antagande. Då kanske ni undrar vad en sats gör om den inte beskriver ett sakläge. Humes poäng kan nog förstås som att vara att vissa satser saknar kognitivt innehåll. Vissa satser, såsom "gör inte sådär!", fyller nämligen en <em>expressiv</em> funktion. De uttrycker närmare bestämt preskriptioner (eller <em>uppmaningar</em>), snarare än att de beskriver fakta (eller icke-fakta, för den delen!). Preskriptiva satser känns ofta igen av faktumet att de innehåller moraliska termer såsom "rätt", "fel" och "bör".</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Att deskriptiva och preskriptiva satser inte har samma mening eller funktion leder naturligt till slutsatsen att man inte deduktivt kan härleda några preskriptiva satser ur en serie <em>uteslutande</em> deskriptiva satser. Det innebär också att en sann deskriptiv sats inte nödvändigtvis implicerar  eller inbegriper någon preskriptiv sådan. Det är nog främst såhär man tolkar Humes lag idag. Lagen är  alltså en svårfrånkomlig logisk och konceptuell tes som i sin formulering ovan hjälper oss att komma förbi andra osofistikerade invändningar som herr Sundholm framfört. Han (och många andra) har ofta påpekat det konstiga med att det inte skulle föreligga en logisk koppling mellan faktumet att en person <em>är</em> törstig och att personen <em>bör</em> dricka. Förekomsten av en sådan logisk koppling förnekar dock inte Humes lag. Visst låter sig preskriptiva satser härledas från en serie premisser, men i sådana fall måste minst en av dessa premisser vara en preskription. Hume skulle exempelvis inte förnekat giltigheten i följande syllogism:</p>
<blockquote><p>p1. Henrik känner hunger.<br />
p2. Hunger motverkas genom att man äter.<br />
p3. Känslor av hunger <em>bör</em> motverkas.<br />
-----<br />
Alltså: Henrik <em>bör</em> äta.</p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hume hade däremot förnekat giltigheten i samma argumentet om “p3″ (eller någon preskriptiv variant därav) togs bort och allt som återstod var deskriptiva premisser och en preskriptiv slutsats. Även <em>om </em>man skulle förneka det underliggande antagandet att det föreligger en fundamental skillnad mellan vårt värderande och beskrivande språk, så möter man som moralisk realist ändå problem när man vill härleda en normativ teori ur en serie premisser. Varför? Jo, för det kommer i sådana fall visa sig (som i syllogismen ovan) att man i viss mån <em>alltid</em> förutsätter vad som ska bevisas. Jag instämmer med  Patrik Karlsson när han i <a title="Patrik Karlssons inlägg om Humes lag" href="http://oooooooooooo.wordpress.com/2008/03/31/humes-lag/">sitt inlägg om Humes lag</a> skriver följande:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hur ska man ta ställning till resonemang som förutsätter det som ska bevisas? Givetvis ska man förkasta dem.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">I min mening gör sig värderealister bäst i att vara icke-naturalistiska intuitionister (i stil med G. E. Moore, Russ Shafer-Landau, David McNaughton, m.fl.) och att därmed lämna den normativa etiken därhän.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Morreu Jorg Haider]]></title>
<link>http://mortalerosa.wordpress.com/?p=46</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 10:28:11 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>copfrancisco</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mortalerosa.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/morreu-jorg-haider/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[O líder da extrema-direita austríaca, que com a sua defesa da moral e dos bons costumes aliada ao ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>O líder da extrema-direita austríaca, que com a sua defesa da moral e dos bons costumes aliada ao nacionalismo conseguiu chegar ao governo do país, morreu de acidente de viação. Horas antes do acidente de automóvel mortal esteve numa festa em honra do Moulin Rouge no night-club Le Cabaret na localidade turística de Velden am Wörther See, junto ao lago Wörthersee.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Culturas Distintas es Igual a Sociedades Distintas]]></title>
<link>http://consumin.wordpress.com/?p=106</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 04:05:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>consumin</dc:creator>
<guid>http://consumin.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/culturas-distintas-es-igual-a-sociedades-distintas/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Cuando dos personas se juntan, hasta para una conversación simple surge un grupo de reglas o normas]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Cuando dos personas se juntan, hasta para una conversación simple surge un grupo de reglas o normas que hay que respetar mientras dure la misma como por ejemplo los turnos al hablar para que no exista un caos y se puedan entender. Pues así mismo son las <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><em>sociedades</em></span>, un grupo de individuos que se relacionan entre si y que comparten fines, CULTURA y conductas formando comunidades para ayudarse mutuamente.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Por ejemplo, algunas tribus africanas tienen como norma que sus mujeres anden con los senos al aire, lo que para nosotros seria una aberración, ni imaginar una compatriota Dominicana por la calle El Conde con sus glándulas mamarias al descubierto, eso nunca.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Esta breve introducción la hacemos porque de manera regular podemos recibir informaciones de otros puntos cardinales del planeta que no realmente estén de acuerdo con las cosas que en República Dominicana estén moralmente "adecuadas" a nuestra sociedad.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Rogamos a nuestros <em><strong>Consumidores Indiscretos</strong></em> tomar las informaciones con carácter educativo, viendo que otras culturas pueden tener otros criterios con respecto a un tema que para nosotros ya sea caso cerrado.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Are There Limits To What We Can Believe In Fiction? If So, What Determines These limits?]]></title>
<link>http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/?p=568</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 23:01:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>A.R. Duckworth</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ardfilmjournal.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/are-there-limits-to-what-we-can-believe-in-fiction-if-so-what-determines-these-limits/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This relates to film but is really more to do with aesthetics. However i wrote it and felt it was re]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This relates to film but is really more to do with aesthetics. However i wrote it and felt it was relevant enough to post in my journal.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">The imagination is a powerful tool that helps us look beyond possibilities. In the real world we are bound by possibilities and forces such as gravity.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote1sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">1</span></sup></a> When we leap out of the window we fall ungracefully to the floor with terrible life-threatening consequences. Yet we freely accept that Superman is able to achieve flight and all because an author tells us that he can. Possibilities and impossibilities are open to our imagination; time travel, spaceships, travelling at speeds faster than light and talking animals are all accepted as proper items of imagination. Although the imagination is a powerful tool there seems to be a limit to what people believe in fiction: a moral limit. I will firstly explain why morality may impose a limit in our imaginative abilities. I will then explore Kendall L. Walton's position that the limitation in imaginative abilities is due to the impossibility of imagining an opposing moral position as possible. I will then illustrate that Walton's position is incorrect. I will then come to the conclusion that it is due to an unwillingness, rather than an impossibility, to imagine an opposing moral position as a possibility.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">The imagination has a great ability to conjure up fantastical events that couldn't otherwise ever be performed in the real world. However there does seem to be a limit to what people can imagine freely in fiction. This limit seems to be a moral consideration. Tamar Szabo Gendler explains that 'When it comes to make-belief... I have a much easier time following an author's invitation to imagine that the earth is flat than I do following her invitation to imagine that murder is right'.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote2anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote2sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">2</span></sup></a> What we accept in the real world as a scientific impossibility we can accept as a possibility in the fictional world – we easily accept time travel in <em>Back To The Future </em>(1985). Yet when people are faced with a moral code they find disgusting, that paedophilia is really harmless or that infanticide is good, they resist the fictional world to the point where they stop reading the text entirely. This seems to be due to the exportability of morality. When a film asserts that pigs can fly we know that pigs cannot fly in the real world. When an author asserts that abortion is murder in a novel we know that this belief is applicable and exportable to the real world. The exportable and transferable nature of morality means that the moral position of a novel or film affects the readers ability to fully participate in imagining the fiction world. This is indicated by the inability of many viewers of <em>Triump des Willens</em> (1935) to admire the aesthetic qualities of Leni Riefenstahl's film due to the moral and political position the film advocates [A further film, and maybe one more problematic, is the film <em>Birth of a Nation</em> (1915)]. One position holds that it is conceptually impossible to believe one moral position while accepting in a fictional world an opposed position as a possibility. This is advanced by Kendall L. Walton.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Walton believes that there is a limit to what we can believe in fiction. Walton believes that it is an impossible task to imagine a morally objectionable reality as good, such as that rape is in fact good for women, in the fictional world and still hold that rape is not good in the real world. Walton states 'there are limits to our imaginative abilities. It is not clear that I can... imagine accepting just any moral principle I am capable of articulating'.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote3anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote3sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">3</span></sup></a> Walton explains that, because of his moral beliefs, he is unable to imagine accepting a moral belief contrary to his own. Walton believes slavery to be wrong and cannot imagine accepting it as a possibility. Walton's moral position is that slavery is morally impermissible. That position requires the belief that slavery cannot ever be morally correct. Therefore, because of his moral position, it would be contradictory to suppose or make-believe that slavery could ever, in any possible realm, be other than morally incorrect. Therefore Walton is unable to imagine slavery as morally correct because his beliefs do not allow the possibility. Walton seems to be arguing that it is impossible for us to imagine outside of our moral position. Walton's position is called 'the impossibility hypothesis' by Tamar Szabo Gendler. <a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote4anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote4sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">4</span></sup></a> Gendler states that the hypothesis is defined by two points:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">The scenarios that evoke imaginative resistance are conceptually impossible.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">The conceptual impossibility of these scenarios renders them unimaginable.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote5anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote5sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">5</span></sup></a></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:xx-small;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Walton believes that holding slavery to be morally impermissible and permissible at once is conceptually impossible and therefore unimaginable. The work has become 'morally inaccessible' and therefore the reader is unable to fully enter into the fictional world.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote6anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote6sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">6</span></sup></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:xx-small;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Walton's position, and the 'impossibility hypothesis', fails because it relies on morality being a fixed construct. Moral beliefs often change radically when they convert or lose their faith. If morality is changeable than imagining an opposing morality as possible and true in a fictional world is not an impossibility; it is rather an unwillingness on the part of the reader. An unwillingness that arises because one doesn't want to change or accept an opposing moral position as superior. Gendler explains 'my unwillingness to [imagine] is a function of my not wanting to take a particular perspective on the world – [the real, non fictional world] – which I do no endorse'.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote7anc" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote7sym"><sup><span style="font-size:xx-small;">7</span></sup></a> Essentially the reader fears that accepting a moral stance in the fictional world would mean that they accept such a position in the real world. If we accept in a text that a certain man's relationship with a young girl was permissible fictionally, then it would lead us to believe it to be a possibility that paedophilia could be permissible in certain circumstances – such as those described in the text. Therefore we opt out of imagining a fictional world where paedophilia is permissible because we fear that we couldn't reject it, or that we would start to accept it in the real world.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Walton argues that it is impossible to imagine an opposing moral position as a good things. He comes to this conclusion incorrectly. For a fictional world to be impossible to image the subject's morals must not be changeable. Yet morals are changeable. This indicates that the inability to imagine an opposing morality is in fact an unwillingness on the part of the reader to imagine an other moral position being superior or acceptable. The text may purposely challenge the morals of others, yet the resistance come from the reader. The reader is unwilling to be challenged and enter into imagining a world that they cannot stomach; it isn't that the proposed fictional world in unimaginable, it is rather that the reader doesn't want to imagine, and engage with, the fictional world. Because morals are transferable people fear that involvement with a fictional world may include the adoption, or at least acceptance, of an alternative moral position, such as paedophilia being permissible or that slavery is an agreeable business. When we are questioned by fictions that oppose our moral outlook our counter-argument may be just as literary and hypothetical as the fictional world we are defending our position against. Therefore rather than enter into a dialogue with our own and other moral positions we opt to ignore the problems that arise and resist the fictional world. There doesn't seem to be a limit to what we can imagine as possible in the fictional world but there is a limit to what we will allow ourselves to imagine in accord with out moral beliefs.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;"> </p>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote1anc">1</a>I chose real because I felt it was better than non-fictional – though the term real is not without its problems.</p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote2sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote2anc">2</a>Tamar Szabo Gendler, 'The Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance' in <em>The Journal of Philosophy</em>, Vol. 97, No. 2, (Feb, 2000) pp. 55-81 p. 58.</p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote3">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote3sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote3anc">3</a>Kendall L. Walton; Michael Tanner 'Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality' in <em>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</em>, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 68, (1994), pp. 27-66 p. 48.</p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote4">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote4anc">4</a>Walton denies that he defends/advocates the so-called 'impossibility hypothesis' yet the thesis fits his arguments exactly in regard to his conceptualization of the source of the resistance, I.e. that it is <em>impossible</em> to conceptualize a moral state opposed to one's own.</p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote5">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote5anc">5</a>Tamar Szabo Gendler 'The Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance' p. 66.</p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote6">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote6anc">6</a>Kendall L Walton; Michael Tanner, 'Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality', p. 30.</p>
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote7">
<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote7sym" href="http://ardfilmjournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote7anc">7</a>Tamar Szabo Gendler 'The Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance' p. 74.</p>
</div>
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<title><![CDATA[Ewige Kinderfilme.]]></title>
<link>http://nijko.wordpress.com/?p=540</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 20:14:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nijko</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nijko.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/ewige-kinderfilme/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Kinderfilme, die es selbst schaffen, Erwachsene Menschen dazu zu bewegen, sie immer wieder zu sehen,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Kinderfilme, die es selbst schaffen, Erwachsene Menschen dazu zu bewegen, sie immer wieder zu sehen, stammen vor allem aus jüngeren Jahren. Neben dem heutigen, abgeklungenen Fernsehen und zahlreichen stupiden Kinder- und Jugendfilmen beeindrucken die im Gegensatz dazu mit Liebe gemachten Filme durch viele viele Eigenschaften, die sich heutige Filmemacher dringend wieder auf die Nase binden sollten:</p>
<ul>
<li>Detailreichtum in Kulisse und Kleidung</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Farbenfrohheit</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Dialoge mit Tiefsinn, gesprochen in ordentlicher Form, gefühlvoll ausgedrückt</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>EMOTION</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Visual Effects, die selbst nach heutigem Technik-Kenntnisstand OK aussehen</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Das Arbeiten mit intensiver Musikauswahl, unterschiedliche Stücke, z.T. für den Film komponiert - viele Musikstücke mit Orchester, Kindergesang mit Themenbezug</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Sie vermitteln Werte, sprechen moralische Themen an, verknüpfen Themen mit all-menschlichen Gefühlen</li>
</ul>
<p>Viele dieser Kriterien machen einen Film (und das bemerke ich häufig bei alten, guten Kinderfilmen) <strong>unsterblich</strong>. Ich kann leider keine Filmproduktion aus Entstehungszeit 2006-2008 auf Anhieb nennen, die mich beeindruckt hat und frage mich oft, an welchen Faktoren es scheitert, Neuproduktionen zu schaffen, die Menschen bewegen.</p>
<p>Gute Filme entstehen aus Leidenschaft, mit Herz, mit Liebe und meiner Meinung nach auch aus Erfahrung. Einer der letzten Kinofilme (kein Kinderfilm, trotzdem:), der mich vom Sattel gerissen hat, war "So ist Paris". Für mich ein Abschied und ein Geschenk für einen längst verflossenen Zustand, der so wichtig gewesen ist, als hätte man ihn niemals in Frage stellen dürfen.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[muerte "muy oportuna" de Haider]]></title>
<link>http://tresmontes.wordpress.com/?p=655</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 18:37:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tresmontes</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tresmontes.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/muerte-muy-oportuna-de-haider/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[

 
Después de las campañas de desprestigio y calumnia contra Haider, precisamente por todos los ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://tresmontes.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/170_0_ihaider290908.jpeg"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://tresmontes.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/jorg-haider-l.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-658" title="jorg-haider-l" src="http://tresmontes.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/jorg-haider-l.jpg?w=195" alt="" width="195" height="300" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Después de las campañas de desprestigio y calumnia contra Haider, precisamente por todos los medios de comunicación que determinan en gran medida la "opinión pública", llega la noticia de la muerte del lider nacional liberal de Austria. Todos los politicastros europeos pueden sentirse aliviados: ya no existe posibilidad de que gobierne el lider que llaman "populista de derecha".</p>
<p>En este contexto, me parece que tienen mucho mérito <a href="http://yahel.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/jorg-haider-muerio-cuando-conducia-su-auto/">Nueva Europa </a>y <a href="http://noticiasdeeurabia.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/muere-haider-en-extrano-accidente-de-trafico-la-clase-politica-austriaca-reacciona-con-alivio/">Eurabian News </a>por la forma como han informado de este triste suceso, triste para los europeos, quizás agradable para tanta gente que es antieuropea sin saberlo.</p>
<p>También informan <a href="http://www.libertaddigital.com/mundo/muere-en-un-accidente-de-trafico-jorg-haider-lider-de-la-extrema-derecha-australiana-1276340625/">libertad digital </a>y <a href="http://www.minutodigital.com/actualidad2/2008/10/11/muere-en-accidente-de-trafico-joerg-haider-lider-del-bzo/">minuto digital  </a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Wert und andere Moralische Lügen ]]></title>
<link>http://malik87.wordpress.com/?p=5</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 18:09:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>malik87</dc:creator>
<guid>http://malik87.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/wert-und-andere-moralische-lugen/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Es handelt sich bei dem folgenden Text lediglich um einen Gedanken den ich aus dem Bauch raus aufs B]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Es handelt sich bei dem folgenden Text lediglich um einen Gedanken den ich aus dem Bauch raus aufs Blatt gebracht habe.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Wert und Moralische Lügen</strong></p>
<p>Es wird oft in einem Athemzug genannt &#62; Werte und Moralvorstellungen<br />
Ist es wirklich richtig das zu tun? Wo unsere Moralvorstellungen doch dahin plädieren, dass Menschen Friedlich, Kollegial und mit einer bestimmten Courage miteinander Umgehen?</p>
<p>Wieviel der Christen hier sind den noch Christliche Menschen?<br />
Das Wort „Nächstenliebe“ ist eine Moralvorstellung aber ein im moment erhaltener WERT schon lange nichtmehr..</p>
<p>All diesen Werte die mit den Moralvorstellungen vereinbar währen sind längst verkommen<br />
in einer Klassifizierung von Werten..</p>
<p>Was ich damit sagen will ist : Was sind Menschen hier in Deutschland wert? Also nicht im Angesicht der Betrachtung von anderen Ländern, sonder die Menschen innerhalb der Grenzen dieser Bundesrepublik.</p>
<p>Durch anerzogene Vorurteile und die somit automatische Einteilung in soziale Schichten wird der Gesellschaftliche Wert wohl am Geld gemessen.</p>
<p>Bzw an den Dingen, die ein Mensch mit Geld kaufen kann.</p>
<p>Ein Beispiel dafür ist ganz einfach, setz dich in eine U-Bahn und schau die Menschen an.<br />
Ein Kind würde sich gar nichts denken, ein Erwachsener Mensch wird zu jedem Menschen der da sitzt einen Passenden Kommentar haben.</p>
<p>Sowas nennt man Oberflächlichkeit ..</p>
<p>Manche Menschen können sich gar nicht auf andere konzentrieren weil sie so verkommen sind sich nur noch auf sich selbst zu Konzentrieren.</p>
<p>Stolz zu sein auf das was man erschaffen hat ist natürlich selbstverständlich, aber es geht durch die Arroganz der „oberen Schicht“ so weit, dass sich die ärmeren Leute einer nötigung unterwerfen auch Stolz zu zeigen und zwar darauf was sie nicht sind..</p>
<p>Wobei wie ich finde gerade die Leute die mit ihren gesellschaftlichen-materiellen Werten wie Autos, Edelsteine usw. Prahlen sind die Leute die moralisch am weitesten verkommen sind.</p>
<p>Teilen wir ein:<br />
Materielle Werte = z.B.: Statussymbole<br />
Moralische Werte = z.B.: Nächstenliebe<br />
Beides Zusammen sind dann die Werte, welche Gesellschaft am meisten Prägen also = Gesellschaftlichte Werte.</p>
<p>Nur sind es nicht Widersprüche? Also wenn ich meinen Nächsten liebe, dann teile ich doch gerne mit ihm, oder? Natürlich.. Soziale Markwirtschaft... aber wieviele Menschen würden am Liebsten keine Steuern zahlen? Wenn es Freiwillig wäre, dann würde es nur noch ein sehr kleiner Anteil tun.</p>
<p>Also sind mit den materiellen Werten die Moralischen Werte dahin gegangen..<br />
Jetz müsste ich es in Bedürfnisse und Luxus aufteilen für alle die, die jetz mit dem Argument kommen<br />
„Wenn es keine materiellen Werte mehr gäbe, dann müsste doch keiner Mehr arbeiten!“<br />
Es wird immer Materielle Werte geben, denn von immateriellen Werten wird man nicht Satt.</p>
<p>Die Frage ist, Brauche ich einen BMW Z8 dazu noch einen Audi A5 Turbo ein Haus mit 30 Zimmern, während Menschen Verhungern und ich mein Essen wegschmeisse?!</p>
<p>Definitiv NEIN!</p>
<p>Warum sowas jemand hat?! Weil er damit in der Gesellschaft Einfluss hat. Er ist Konsument, er bestimmt den Markt von Artikeln mehr mit, wie jemand mit einer kleineren Kaufkraft.<br />
Das Problem an der Sache ist , wenn einer viel Geld hat haben andere natürlich Weniger.</p>
<p>Und die Leute die Weniger haben müssen billiger einkaufen, und die, die billiger einkaufen, sind dazu gezwungen Dinge zu kaufen, die billiger produziert und importiert werden..<br />
Und wie wird billiger importiert? Indem die Produktion Billiger ist, die widerrum wird billiger durch Ausbeuten von Arbeitskräften.</p>
<p>Das bedeutet : die ärmeren Arbeiter in Deutschland kaufen meist importierte Waren, weil sie Billiger sind, jedoch fördern sie damit Ausbeutung und Kinderarbeit.</p>
<p>Es ist ein Teufelskreis den dieses System mitsichbringt. Ein Teufelskreis ausdem man nicht ausbrechen kann, vielleicht könnte, aber jeder, der von diesem bestehenden System profitiert, wird jegliche Veränderung zu verhindern wissen, denn allein das Argument, das alle Versuche der Schaffung einer sozialeren Form der Wirtschaft  bis jetz kläglich gescheitert sind und solange es "uns", ("uns" den Satten und Befriedigten auf der Sonnenseite des Systems) gut geht wird, jeder ohne schlechtes Gewissen weiter fortfahren, um seine Eigenen Ziele zu verwirklichen und mit einer unbewusst Schaufel Gräber graben die mit Blut der Armut gefüllt sind, um sich selbst das kleine Bißschen Wohlstand in einer von Reizüberflutung und Smog durchdringten Welt zu Schaffen.</p>
<p>Ich meine damit nicht das man jetz alles niederlegen sollte, und aufhören sollte zu existieren damit nicht nochmehr schaden angerichtet wird,<br />
es ist unmöglich dieses System zu stoppen. Man wird reingeboren und man wird darin Sterben.</p>
<p>Dieser Text soll lediglich zum Nachdenken anregen.</p>
<p>by Markus Striese 2008</p>
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<title><![CDATA[recomendamos seguir el consejo de esta dama:]]></title>
<link>http://yrania.wordpress.com/?p=501</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 16:31:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>julio</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jrania.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/recomendamos-seguir-el-consejo-de-esta-dama/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
 
Bueno, la verdad es que Ursula está tan sana porque además de no fumar, no lee prensabasura ni]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://yrania.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/debutante1_01-pl-boobs-tesm7-y-tres.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-502" title="debutante1_01-pl-boobs-tesm7-y-tres" src="http://yrania.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/debutante1_01-pl-boobs-tesm7-y-tres.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="274" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bueno, la verdad es que Ursula está tan sana porque además de no fumar, no lee prensabasura ni</p>
<p>mira la telebasura.   Sólo entra en muy contados blogs de entre los 120 millones que hay.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[A CRISE MORAL DA IGREJA (La crisis moral de la iglesia)]]></title>
<link>http://vincit3.wordpress.com/?p=123</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 15:32:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jvilsemar</dc:creator>
<guid>http://vincit3.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/a-crise-moral-da-igreja-la-crisis-moral-de-la-iglesia/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ 
- A tentativa dos poderosos de ocultar certas verdades, enfrenta, cada vez mais, grandes dificulda]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><a href="http://www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_carlos_machado/0022_crisis_moral_iglesia.htm"> </a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">- A tentativa dos poderosos de ocultar certas verdades, enfrenta, cada vez mais, grandes dificuldades em um mundo cada vez mais informatizado, onde os acontecimentos são transmitidos em segundos e, além do mais, há sempre um celular ou câmera fotográfica de prontidão para registrar cenas ou para fazer gravações por pessoas simples ou jornalistas independentes e por empresas jornalísticas pactuadas com a verdade.</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">- Por esse caminho, o jornalista Carlos Machado já denunciou a gravidade da pedofilia em seu artigo, transcrito para este blog sob o título: <a href="http://www.periodicotribuna.com.ar/articulo.asp?Articulo=1926" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration:none;color:black;">¿DÓNDE ESTA MI HIJO?</span></strong></a><strong> (<span style="color:black;"><a href="../2007/05/19/onde-esta-o-meu-filho-infancia-prostituida/"><span style="color:blue;">ONDE ESTA MEU FILHO?)</span></a> </span></strong><span style="color:black;">e agora traz novas denúncias, com o título: <strong>A CRISE MORAL DA IGREJA</strong> (</span><strong>LA CRISIS MORAL DE LA IGLESIA)</strong>, publicado em 25.10.2006 no qual narra<span style="color:black;"> à presença perniciosa e doentia de homens envolvidos em pedofilia que abusaram e talvez ainda abusem de crianças e adolescentes, além de mulheres que já foram abusadas por sacerdotes. Todos são integrantes d</span>essa organização religiosa que influenciou e influencia milhares de pessoas no planeta e que se diz como o único caminho a seguir, pois segundo eles, servem aos nobres propósitos de Jesus de Nazaré, mas que na prática o mundo teve a inquisição espanhola e portuguesa, o massacre de São Bartolomeu, o massacre dos Anabatistas, o massacre de judeus em Lisboa, o massacre dos habitantes da cidade francesa de Bíziers, as Cruzadas medievias, apoio ao Nazismo, corrupção etc. De acordo com os seus líderes: Tudo em nome de Deus!</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">- Devemos ter sempre em mente que a informação, o conhecimento, o apoio, o amor não individualista e a confiança entre pais e filhos são extremamente necessários, para a proteção dos nossos filhos e filhas e que nem sempre as aparências são verdadeiras. Tudo tem que ser observado, analisado, fundamentado e lançado na imprensa para que os pervertidos não possam triunfar e destruir a vida de crianças e adolescentes, além de outros crimes. </span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><em><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">- Leiam e meditem sobre o artigo do jornalista argentino Carlos Machado, traduzido do espanhol para o português.</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal;"><strong>-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">A CRISE MORAL DA IGREJA </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">(La crisis moral de la iglesia)</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;line-height:normal;" align="right"><a name="_ftnref1"></a><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;color:red;">(1)</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Carlos Machado</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Faz mais de uma década que se tornou muito notória a crise de ética e credibilidade pela qual atravessam amplos setores da Igreja Católica. No entanto, um dos problemas que alimenta essa crise data, na realidade, de séculos: a violação dos votos de castidade, o abuso sexual e a pedofilia, três estigmas muito distante dos sofridos por Jesus Cristo, mas que estão firmemente gravados em muitíssimos de seus representantes na Terra, e que contam com uma lamentável cumplicidade: o acobertamento pelo Vaticano.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Uma nota da revista mexicana "Processo", publicada há um ano, indicava precisamente que essas questões "vêm de tempo atrás e faz muito que é parte da realidade eclesiástica", afirmação que aparece no livro "Votos de castidade", escrito por cinco especialistas -Alessandra Ciattini, Elio Masferrer, Jorge Ederly, Marcos Hernández Duarte e Jorge René González Marmolejo - e editado no ano passado pela editorial Grijalbo. A conclusão do mesmo é que "na época colonial e até nossos dias, o celibato sacerdotal obrigatório na Igreja Católica da América Latina é, em geral, um mito, e na prática sempre tem sido opcional, pelo que é evidente o abismo entre o que dita o Direito Canónico sobre o voto de castidade e a vida sexual do clero".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Em suas 214 páginas, o livro cita vários casos de violação ao celibato em variadas formas abusos sexuais, concubinatos, etc.--, detalhando, por exemplo, o caso "surpreendente e farto educativo" do jesuíta Gaspar de Villarías. O processo deste sacerdote no México, a princípios do século XVII, causou um escândalo que chegou até Roma, já que o voraz jesuíta tinha abusado de 97 mulheres, inclusive dentro de sua paróquia e muitas vezes no próprio confessionário. Em várias dessas ocasiões contou com a aceitação, influenciada ou não pela autoridade que lhe dava sua condição, das mulheres que chegavam até ele, e segundo "Votos de Castidade", na longa lista deste sacerdote se incluíam "freiras, raparigas e senhoras maduras, tanto casadas como solteiras, e de todos os biótipos: brancas, mestiças, índias e negras, e de todas as condições sociais: ricas, pobres, serventes, libertas e escravas". Como se pode ver, o travesso Gaspar não respeitava cabelo, tampouco limites. Finalmente, o religioso foi preso por um lapso muito curto, e em poucos dias saiu livre, com uma pequena advertência, pronto para continuar com suas tropelias, simplesmente mudando de unidade da Companhia. Esse foi todo o castigo que recebeu "o protagonista do maior escândalo sexual dos arquivos históricos da Igreja Católica do México".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">A respeito da época atual, o livro menciona o concubinato entre o ex-núncio apostólico no México, monsenhor Jerônimo Prigione, e a religiosa Alma Zamora, da congregação Filhas da Pureza da Viagem Maria, quem trabalhava para ele na sede da Nunciatura, bem como a proteção que Norberto Rivera Carreira, arcebispo primado do México, e o cardeal Roger Mahony, de Los Angeles (Califórnia), brindam ao sacerdote pederasta Nicolás Aguilar, quem só no México foi acusado penalmente por abuso sexual contra 60 menores, fugindo para os Estados Unidos, onde agora, recebe a proteção de Mahony, continuava fazendo das suas em outra paróquia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Isto último, somado ao caso de Gaspar de Villarías faz quatro séculos, traz a colação o tema da proteção que às hierarquias mais elevadas da Igreja, incluído o Papa, tem brindado e seguem brindando aos membros da mesma que incorreu em todo o tipo de delito sexual, amparados por sua investidura. Esta constante atitude da Igreja quando se descobre a existência de pederastia ou abuso sexual por parte de suas representantes também é apontada no livro citado: "A hierarquia sacerdotal respondeu habitualmente a estas acusações com a negação, o ocultamento e a desqualificação dos denunciantes. Uma medida freqüente ante as denúncias penais impossíveis de controlar tem sido a recolocação discreta dos responsáveis para evitar a ação da justiça".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Por sua vez, o jornalista e escritor espanhol Pepe Rodríguez, autor de "Pederastia na Igreja Católica", expõe um argumento não menos contundente a respeito desta questão: "O problema fundamental não reside tanto em que tenha sacerdotes que abusem sexualmente de menores, senão em que o Código de Direito Canônico vigente, bem como todas as instruções do Papa e da cúria do Vaticano, obrigam a encobrir esses delitos e a proteger ao clero delinqüente. Em conseqüência, os cardeais, bispos e o próprio governo vaticano praticam com plena consciência o mais vergonhoso dos delitos: o encobrimento". Clero delinqüente. Boa definição de Rodríguez para esta praga disfarçada de santidade.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">País de porões quentes</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">O escândalo dos abusos sexuais por parte de sacerdotes - que conseguiu se manter bastante oculto por séculos - tem surgido em toda sua dimensão nos últimos anos, graças à luz que começaram a arrojar sobre o tema por vários pesquisadores e meios de imprensa, pondo em evidência, ademais, que o primeiro ato da cúpula vaticana tem sido sempre, e continua sendo, "esconder tudo". Um escândalo que se propaga na maioria dos países do mundo e que tem sacudido em diferentes períodos as dioceses católicas da Itália, Espanha, Alemanha, França, Grã-Bretanha, Irlanda, Áustria, Polónia, Estados Unidos, México, Porto Rico, Costa Rica, Colômbia, Brasil, Chile e Argentina, por mencionar os casos mais freqüentes, e que está destinado, como se disse, pelo encobrimento.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Segundo a revista brasileira "Istoé", o Papa Benedicto XVI enviou em setembro de 2005 a Brasil uma comissão para pesquisar acusações que já se estavam a multiplicar demasiado. A mesma encontrou-se com uma dezena de sacerdotes condenados por abuso sexual, quarenta fugitivos e ao redor de 200 enviados pela Igreja brasileira a centros de atenção psicológica para que sejam "reeducados". Dura realidade achada pela Cúria romana no país que contém a maior quantidade de católicos no mundo. Segundo uma investigação da mencionada revista, atualmente 1.700 curas – cerca de 10% dos registrados no país - estão a ser investigados por abusar de meninos e adolescentes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Há muitíssimos casos individuais para relatar, mas vamos nos remeter ao que aparece quiçá como o mais horripilante, já que seu "exemplo" tem servido muito a outros sacerdotes para consumar seus baixos instintos. Trata-se de um eminente teólogo que costumava freqüentar os salões da alta burguesia de San Pablo e que, de acordo ao diagnóstico que se lhe fez a pedido de um julgado estatal, é um "pedófilo com determinados sintomas de narcisismo e megalomania". Diga-se de passagem, as mesmas palavras que aparecem no estudo psicológico realizado, na Argentina, ao sacerdote Julio César Grassi, titular durante anos da Fundação "Felizes os Meninos" e protagonista, hoje em dia, de um alardeado caso de abusos sexuais a menores, pelo que ainda espera a sustentação do julgamento oral e público.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">O citado teólogo brasileiro é Tarcisio Sprícigo, de 50 anos, e seu diagnóstico pode muito bem explicar o fato de que levasse um diário manuscrito com um relato de suas maldades. Por exemplo, numa parte do mesmo diz: <strong>"Preparo-me para sair para a caçada com a certeza de que tenho a meu alcance a todos os garotos que me apraza"</strong>, e aconselha <strong>"recolher das ruas, das delegacias, dos hospitais de caridade"</strong>. Antes que o prendessem, o religioso tinha abusado de muitos meninos de rua, para ele <strong>"os mais fáceis de controlar"</strong>. Nas páginas de seu diário, convertido num verdadeiro manual de pedofilia que inclusive foi consultado por outros sacerdotes de sua mesma tendência aberrante, descreve entre outras coisas como persuadir meninos: <strong>"Apresentar-se sempre como o que domina. Ser carinhoso. Nunca fazer perguntas, mas ter certezas. Tratar de conseguir garotos que não tenham pai e que sejam pobres. Jamais se envolver com meninos ricos"</strong>. Sprícigo, que antes de ser preso tinha sido transladado para uma paróquia rural, onde abusou de mais dois menores, estava muito seguro de suas tácticas: <strong>"Sou seguro e calmo, não me agito, sou um sedutor e após ter aplicado corretamente as regras, o menino cairá em minhas mãos e seremos felizes para sempre"</strong>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Alguma de suas regras finalmente falhou, já que foi condenado a quinze anos de prisão por violar a um menino de cinco anos que tinha sob sua custodia. E, felizmente, neste caso, nem uma bula papal teria conseguido salva-lo do cárcere.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Como se disse, o "evangelho de Tarcisio" teve muitos seguidores. Alfieri Bompani, de 46 anos, preso por abusar de meninos dentre seis e dez anos de idade numa "favela" na que, segundo ele, fazia ajuda social, também teve fantasias de escritor. Além de levar um diário estava a terminar um livro de contos eróticos baseado em suas correrias pedófilas. E teve outros religiosos que a seus prazeres carnais somaram os da escritura e até a cinematográfica. Uma mostra é a detenção do sacerdote Félix Barbosa, de 44 anos, a quem foi encontrado numa orgia de drogas e sexo com quatro adolescentes que tinha contatado por Internet, e que gravou a cena com duas câmaras de vídeo. A polícia achou também um bloco de cartas com os relatos eróticos que Barbosa escrevia baseado em suas "experiências". Enquanto o levavam como detento, o sacerdote gritava que conhecia a outros doze padres que faziam o mesmo que ele. Outro cultor das letras, o sacerdote Celso Morais, de 63 anos, regenciava um prostíbulo de menores destinado ao prazer dos irmãos da fé. Também escrevia suas memórias, e o conteúdo das mesmas é tão escabroso que a Justiça as marcou como "documento classificado". Por sua vez o diário italiano "Correr Della Sera" aludiu a outro dos envolvidos em terras brasileiras, monsenhor Antonio Sarto, bispo de Barra dás Garças, acusado de abuso por parte de um sacerdote que ele mesmo ordenou.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">A imprensa de vários países reconheceu que o Vaticano, ante os casos apontados, não teve mais remédio. Ficou obrigado a deixar de atuar a favor de seus representantes ao comprovar que não podia seguir ocultando os trapos sujos entre as paredes das igrejas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Legião de predadores</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Os Legionários de Cristo constituem uma organização católica específica dentro da Igreja, como o é também a “Opus Dei”, e como este se localiza à direita e se emoldura dentro dos postulados mais ultraconservadores. Seu fundador é o sacerdote mexicano Marcial Maciel, hoje octogenário e já fora de toda a função sacerdotal dado que -- por fim -- após várias décadas de ter cometido infinidade de abusos sexuais, o atual Papa Benedicto XVI não teve mais remédio, ante o cúmulo de provas acumuladas contra o padre, que o obrigou a se retirar de todo o tipo de exercício sacerdotal público. Isso sim, "por sua avançada idade" não será submetido a processo canônico e, como sanção de maior dureza, só foi condenado" a levar uma vida privada de rezas e penitências. Outro exemplo dos "castigos" que impõe o Vaticano, quando já é inevitável, a seus sacerdotes pedófilos. E uma condenação que as vítimas de Maciel, aguardaram anos para que se fizesse justiça, esperavam que a pena fosse maior e que o Vaticano colaborasse levando a Maciel perante a lei dos homens e terminasse no cárcere. Mas em realidade Maciel gozou sempre da proteção papal. Desde que Joseph Ratzinger presidia a Sagrada Congregação para a Doutrina da Fé – nome moderno da Santa Inquisição e um cargo em que ele se sentia muito cômodo -- tinha conhecimento das andanças dos padres pedófilos pelo mundo. Maciel não foi a exceção, e desde 1998 o atual Papa sabia pelos relatórios do bispo mexicano Carlos Talavera e os depoimentos do pai Alberto Athié, um dos abusados por Maciel quando era seminarista, dos abusos sexuais do "legionario". No entanto, Ratzinger negou-se então a abrir o caso, argumentando que Maciel "era uma pessoa muito querida para Juan Pablo II". Este último foi, precisamente, um de seus principais protetores e inclusive, pouco antes de morrer, organizou um conjunto de homenagem ao líder dos Legionários por "promover os valores da família e da pessoa humana". Suas vítimas sabem bem qual era a maneira predileta de Maciel de promover esses valores. Foram os jornalistas norte-americanos Jason Berry e Gerald Renner quem, através de um livro muito documentado, "Votos de silêncio. O abuso de poder durante o papado de Juan Pablo II" fez ver a Ratzinger o que se resistia a enxergar. Os autores consideram que a proteção da Santa Sé se deve a que o líder dos Legionários sempre ofereceu uma importante contribuição econômica ao Vaticano, e agregam que "no caso do pai Maciel nos enfrentamos a um encobrimento papal. Sua carreira é um caso de estudo sobre a desinformação: a distorção da verdade para atingir o poder e fabricar-se uma imagem virtuosa a partir de um comportamento patológico. Ao não pesquisar cargos sérios, o Vaticano ajudou a que se formasse este processo durante anos". Existem depoimentos que arrepiam a pele, uma constante, quando se vai tomando conhecimento de casos e mais casos nesta questão. José Barba Martín, quem abandonou a ordem aos 25 anos, depois de sofrer vários abusos sexuais de Maciel, assegura que a pederastia está estendida em toda a Ordem, enquanto Juan José Vaca, ex-presidente dos Legionários de Cristo nos Estados Unidos e outra das vítimas de Maciel, afirma coincidentemente que os abusos sexuais nos Legionários são comuns: "Não tem sido somente Maciel o criminoso que cometeu esses delitos, senão que segundo os dados que vamos tendo já se pode falar de uma corrupção da instituição como tal. Já há vítimas novas, de segunda e terceira geração. Os abusados por Maciel de meninos agora são superiores, e esses superiores já têm abusado de outros. Somente no ano passado detectamos três novas vítimas: uma da Irlanda, outra da Espanha e uma terceira no Chile. Também temos outro caso na Colômbia. Onde os Legionários têm instituições, Maciel tem posto pessoas como ele, que pensa como ele e que está integrado nesse sistema como ele. E todos eles têm sido vítimas dele e depois se tornam autores". Vaca assegura que até o ano 1976, quando saiu dos Legionários, foi testemunha ocular de outras 25 vítimas de abuso sexual de Maciel, e que ele próprio o foi durante dez anos. Comenta que, depois do submeter às vexações sexuais, o líder dos Legionários tentava lhe tranqüilizar dizendo: "Não te preocupes se tens remorsos de consciência; eu te dou a absolvição", e agrega que "Maciel é um predador, hoje com a imagem de avô".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Segundo outros depoimentos de vítimas de Maciel, este utilizava um padrão de conduta similar com os meninos ou adolescentes internos. Relatam que os elegia "bonitos", que os mandava chamar a sua habitação para lhes pedir que lhe dessem uma massagem e que ao conseguir que lhe masturbasse, singelamente se justificava dizendo que tinha "dispensa papal" porque estava muito doente. A frase que utilizava com alguns para terminar com sua sinistra sessão era: "O que tens feito é um ato de caridade".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Enquanto as centenas de vítimas abusadas por Maciel não podem esperar nunca justiça do que a muito suave condenação a "rezas e penitência" imposta ao predador pelo Vaticano, a questão mais urgente agora é saber até que ponto o cancro da pederastia está infiltrado na ordem dos Legionários de Cristo, já que milhares de meninos e adolescentes podem se encontrar em perigo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Travesuras argentinas</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Padre Julio César Grassi. Bispo Edgardo Storni. Bispo Carlos Maccarone</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Segundo um estudo da Conferência de Bispos Católicos dos Estados Unidos, mais de 4.000 sacerdotes já têm sido acusados em mais de 11.000 casos de abuso sexual contra menores entre 1950 e 2002. Dito estudo, difundido pela corrente CNN, foi compilado a partir de uma investigação a nível nacional realizada pelo Colégio John Jay de Justiça Penal para a Conferência dos Bispos. No entanto David Clohessy, do grupo Rede de Sobreviventes dos Abusados por Sacerdotes (SNAP suas siglas em inglês), afirmou que as cifras fornecidas nesse relatório lhe pareciam "baixas", e agregou: "Os bispos têm tratado de ocultar isto durante anos, pelo que não há razão para achar que de repente vão mudar sua forma de fazer. A única coisa prudente é assumir que isto não é toda a verdade". Um exemplo de como se desenvolveu também entre os religiosos dos Estados Unidos o gosto pela pedofilia, a proteção ficou clara pelas hierarquias católicas mais altas. Disso bem podem falar o bispo Roger Mahony, antes citado, protetor de pederastas fugidos de México, ou monsenhor Bernard Law, outro protetor de padres abusadores e protegido a sua vez por Juan Pablo II, quem o designou para ocupar um alto cargo no Vaticano.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">No outro extremo do continente americano, na Argentina, os casos de abuso sexual por parte de sacerdotes não têm chegado ainda ao nível estatístico atingido em outros países. Mas, como dizem das bruxas, existem. Seguramente deve-se a um bem azeitado engrenagem de ocultamento, como em todos os casos. Inclusive têm corrido rumores de que enaltecidos monsenhores têm atirado alguma "canita ao ar" nesta questão, rumores que chegaram a roçar o próprio arcebispo de Buenos Aires e Cardeal Primado da Argentina, quem por sua vez contou com vários votos a favor durante o conclave que no ano anterior elegeu ao sucessor de Juan Pablo II, um teatro armado para a paróquia, cabe esclarecer, já que quem o sucedeu já era Papa pouco antes que Karol Wojtyla falecesse "oficialmente".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Um caso emblemático e de muito alcance nos meios de imprensa -- conquanto atualmente encontra-se algo estancado em tal sentido -- é o do sacerdote Julio César Grassi. A partir da investigação de um programa televisivo em 2002, que pôs em evidência abusos sexuais cometidos por este contra menores de idade que se alojavam na Fundação "Felizes os Meninos", por ele presidida durante vários anos, o tema atravessou por diversas instâncias e batalhas judiciais, que chegaram ao extremo de que, quando estava a ponto de se iniciar o julgamento oral e público contra o sacerdote, no último momento foi apartado o triunvirato de juízes que iam atuar, acusados de parcialidade manifesta, a favor de Grassi. O sacerdote, que já se envaidecia junto a seu exército de advogados de onerosos bens, pelo que considerava ia desembocar numa declaração de inocência. Veja agora como as coisas dão voltas: foi designado outro trio de magistrados para julgá-lo; algumas perícias psiquiátricas realizadas na província de Santa Cruz, onde também protagonizou casos de abuso sexual, arrojou como resultado -- como se citou anteriormente -- que a personalidade de Grassi é a de um "pedófilo com marcados sintomas de narcisismo e megalomania"; apareceram novas testemunhas abusadas pelo sacerdote que antes não se atrevia a declarar; e boa parte de sua equipe de advogados renunciou a continuar lhe patrocinando.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Conquanto a data do novo julgamento ainda esteja um tanto nebuloso, resultaria agora mais claro que Grassi já não irá ganhar todas, como se vangloriava no princípio. Também tem diminuído à freqüência com que o entrevistavam alguns diários ou o convidavam a seus programas televisivos certos jornalistas, alguns deles próximos ao “Opus Dei”, que o transformavam em vitima, lhe fazendo objeto de um "complô" e lhe dando espaço para que se pronuncie a gosto sobre sua pretendida "inocência".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">Os outros dois casos que chegaram ao conhecimento público na Argentina são os protagonizados pelo arcebispo de Santa Fé, monsenhor Edgardo Storni - cuja conduta era seguida pelo Vaticano desde 1994, mas nunca se conheceu o resultado do sumário, já que se ocultou o expediente -, e pelo titular da diocese de Santiago do Estero, monsenhor Carlos Maccarone. O primeiro, acusado de abusar de cinqüenta seminaristas, conseguiu ao que parece uma melhor proteção que Maccarone, já que continuaria, ainda que afastado da função sacerdotal, "em algum lugar" da província de Santa Fé, enquanto este último, que chegou a ser filmado durante umas relações mais que duvidoso com um jovem taxista, teve que renunciar a sua diocese e, ante a quantidade de provas contra ele, o Papa não pôde lhe conceder o benefício de um translado dentro do país, como costuma ocorrer neste sistema de encobrimentos, e foi transferido a cumprir uma vida de penitência" no México. Um dos detalhes que enfeitam a corrente viciosa de Edgardo Storni aparece no capítulo 9 do livro "Nossa Santa Mãe. História pública e privada da Igreja Católica Argentina", da jornalista Olga Wornat, a qual se transcreve a seguir:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">O Príncipe e o Pastor </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:13pt;font-family:&#34;">"Era de noite. Chamaram-no ao dormitório principal. O garoto foi achando que devia cumprir alguma de suas obrigações diárias de cerimonial. Entrou à habitação só alumiada por dois veladores de bronze e uma estranha sensação de intimidação lhe inundou o corpo e o incomodou. Tratou de não pensar e obedeceu as diretrizes de seu superior. Ajudou-o a tirar a roupa. Fez com pudor, mas achando que era algo normal no seminário e que tinha que se acostumar às normas desse lugar no qual tinha chegado fazia três dias. Tremulo em frente ao corpo sexagenário, sacou-lhe peça por peça... Quando terminou, viu cair o corpo flácido do arcebispo sobre a cama, com sua desnudes só coberta com uma toalha. O garoto achou que já tinha cumprido com sua tarefa e se dispunha