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	<title>leibniz &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/leibniz/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "leibniz"</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 17:14:33 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Justin Smith - La nature ne joue pas : la paléontologie de Leibniz comme métaphysique appliquée]]></title>
<link>http://philomtl.wordpress.com/?p=367</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 02:33:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>j.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://philomtl.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/justin-smith-la-nature-ne-joue-pas-la-paleontologie-de-leibniz-comme-metaphysique-appliquee/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Série des conférences
Département de philosophie
Justin Smith
(Concordia University)
« La nature]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Série des conférences<br />
Département de philosophie</p>
<p>Justin Smith<br />
(Concordia University)</p>
<p>« La nature ne joue pas : la paléontologie de Leibniz comme métaphysique appliquée »</p>
<p>Vendredi, le 10 octobre<br />
15h-17h<br />
Salle W-5215</p>
]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Die philosopische Wendeltreppe V : Wurde die Mathematik aus der Natur heraus-gefunden... ]]></title>
<link>http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/?p=1490</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2008 21:40:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ebmeierjochen</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ebmeierjochen.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/die-philosopische-wendeltreppe-v-wurde-die-mathematik-aus-der-natur-heraus-gefunden/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[   oder vom Menschenhirn in sie hinein-gedacht?

Erst mit Galileo ging, streng genommen, das mythisc]]></description>
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<p><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/galilei_galileo-1643_r.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1491" title="Rechentabelle von Galileo Galilei, ca. 1643" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/galilei_galileo-1643_r.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="543" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">Erst mit Galileo ging, streng genommen, das mythische Zeitalter zu Ende. "Der Mythos braucht keine Fragen zu beantworten. Er erfindet, bevor die Frage akut wird und damit sie nicht akut wird."(Hans Blumenberg). Seit Galileo stellen die Wissenschaften nicht nur Fragen, sondern beantworten sie auch, und jede Antwort wirft (mindestens) eine neue Frage auf.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Das Buch der Natur sei </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/galileogalilei.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-1492" title="galileo galilei" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/galileogalilei.jpg?w=275" alt="" width="165" height="180" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;"> in der Sprache der Mathematik geschrieben, hatte Galileo verkündet. Das ist seither zum Gemeinplatz westlicher Bildung geworden.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Descartes hatte die Welt in zwei Substanzen zerteilt, eine <em><span style="color:teal;">res extensa</span></em>, die Materie, die sich durch ihre räumliche Ausdehnung zu erkennen gibt, und die <em><span style="color:teal;">res cogitans</span></em>, den Geist, der außerhalb von Raum und Zeit ist. Doch eines ist ihnen gemeinsam: die mathematische Struktur, und an der erkennt man ihre gemeinsame</span></p>
<p><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/spinoza21.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1495" title="Benedictus de Spinoza (Baruch Despinoza)" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/spinoza21.jpg?w=202" alt="" width="162" height="240" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">Abkunft vom selben Schöpfergott. Spinoza tat die beiden Teile wieder zusammen, bei ihm ist es die eine, geistige Substanz, die <span style="color:#008080;"><em>sich selber ausdehnt</em></span>, "deus sive natura", und <span style="color:#008080;"><em>wie</em></span> tut sie das? "More geometrico", auf geometrische Weise! War bei Descartes Gott ein Mathematiker, so ist die Gottnatur bei Spinoza Mathematik. Isaac Newton, der erste Systematiker der modernen Physik, betitelte sein Hauptwerk " Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica", die mathematischen Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie. Und Leibniz endlich, der die strenge Naturwissenschaft in Deutschland eingeführt hat, überlegte ernstlich, ob nicht Gott selber in mathematischen Formel spräche!</span></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0 21       MicrosoftInternetExplorer4  &#60;![endif]--><!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:Garamond; 	panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-parent:""; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 	{size:595.3pt 841.9pt; 	margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; 	mso-header-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --><!--[if gte mso 10]&#62; &#60;!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman";} --> <!--[endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Die Herrschaft des Rationalismus war Herrschaft der Metaphysik. Die Metaphysik sei aus der abendländischen </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/conus_amadis.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-1522" title="Conus Amadis" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/conus_amadis.jpg?w=182" alt="" width="109" height="180" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Wissenschaft inzwischen vertrieben? Nur die metaphysische Verpackung ist gefallen. Der Kern bleibt. Der Einfall, die Gesetze der Mathematik seien gleichzeitig die Gesetze der Vernunft und der Natur, bedarf keiner zusätzlichen Metaphysik. Er ist selber metaphysisch.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Die Mathematik ist nicht, wie unsere eigne Schullaufbahn vermuten macht, aus dem kleinen Einmaleins hervorgegangen. Zwar hatten die Babylonier ihr Interesse </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/kugel1gr.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1496 alignleft" title="Kugel" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/kugel1gr.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="134" height="125" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">auf die Arithmetik konzentriert; aber sie dienten ihnen nur zur Astrologie. <em><span style="color:teal;">Mathematik</span></em> entstand erst, als die Griechen Thales und Pythagoras die Zahlen in den Dienst der Geometrie, der Anschauung räumlicher Verhältnisse nahmen. Das Leitbild der Mathematik - die vollkommene Gestalt - ist ästhetisch. Ihre Verfahren sind Anschauung und Konstruktion. Auf etwelche sinnliche Erfahrung - über die man streiten könnte - ist sie nicht angewiesen. Sie begründet sich aus sich selbst, </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">und nur so konnte sie zur Grundlage der allgemeinen wissenschaftlichen Methode werden.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Aber ist nicht gerade die Geometrie aus den Dingen der Welt <em><span style="color:teal;">abgeschaut</span>?!</em></span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/kristall.jpg"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-1503" title="kristall" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/kristall.jpg" alt="" width="137" height="111" /></a></p>
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<p style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Plato kannte fünf vollkommene Körper: Kugel, Würfel, </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Pyramide; Zylinder, Konus</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">Es sind die jeweiligen dreidimensionalen Kombinationen von Kreis, Quadrat und Dreieck. Drei Dimensionen sind 'vollkommener' als zwei, bzw. Körper sind vollkommener als Flächen.</span></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0 21       MicrosoftInternetExplorer4  &#60;![endif]--><!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:Garamond; 	panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-parent:""; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 	{size:595.3pt 841.9pt; 	margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; 	mso-header-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --><!--[if gte mso 10]&#62; &#60;!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman";} --> <!--[endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Hat man eines von denen 'von der Natur abgeschaut'? Mehr oder minder runde Formen kommen in 'der Natur' vor; Kugeln nicht. Kugel 'entsteht' als <em><span style="color:teal;">Idee</span></em> des vervollkommneten 'runden' Körpers. Wobei Vollkommenheit ebenb keine logische, sondern eine anschauliche, eine ästhetische Qualität ist! </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/zylinder_der.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1498" title="zylinder" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/zylinder_der.jpg" alt="" width="105" height="105" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Finden sich Würfel, Pyramiden, Zylinder usw. in der Natur vor? Es finden sich Formen, die wie fehlerhafte Annäherungen aussehen. <em><span style="color:teal;">Damit</span></em> sie so aussehen können, müssen die reinen Formen dem inneren Auge </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">aber schon gewärtig sein. Und das geht nur, wenn das innere Auge die</span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/baumstamm.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-1499" title="Zylinder...." src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/baumstamm.jpg?w=184" alt="" width="82" height="134" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;"> Konstruktion aus Kreis, Quadrat und Dreieck schon vorgenommen hat! Das ist eine erhebliche Abstraktions- und Reflexionsleistung.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">(Abstraktion und Reflexion sind nur zwei Sichtweisen auf denselben Denkakt: Absehen <em><span style="color:teal;">auf</span></em><span style="color:teal;"> </span>das jeweils Wichtige ist zugleich Absehen <em><span style="color:teal;">von</span></em> dem jeweils Unerheblichen.)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Denn zuvor mussten vor dem inneren Auge die Flächen selber konstruiert werden! Allein den vollkommenen Kreis kann man in der Außenwelt <em><span style="color:teal;">sehen</span></em> – am wolkenlosen Himmel. </span></p>
<p><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/wuerfel.gif"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1500" title="wuerfel" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/wuerfel.gif?w=288" alt="" width="113" height="118" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">Es ist ja denkbar, dass der Anblick des einzig perfekten Kreises – der Sonnenscheibe – und ihrer imperfekten Parodie, des Mondes – den Anlass zur Idee anschaulicher Vollkommenheit gegeben hat; aber eine erfahrungsmäßige Abstraktion aus dem Anblick vieler perfekten Kreise war es nicht: weil es nur diesen einen gibt; und eine Reihe imperfekter Karikaturen – die werdenden und vergehenden Ringe auf dem Wasser usw... Nachgemacht werden kann dieser eine perfekte Kreis aber nicht auf 'anschaulichem' Weg; er muss konstruiert </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">werden aus Punkt und Radius: wieder eine Abstraktionsleistung.</span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/wasserringe.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1501 alignright" title="wasserringe" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/wasserringe.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="192" height="133" /></a></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0 21       MicrosoftInternetExplorer4  &#60;![endif]--><!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:Garamond; 	panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-parent:""; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p 	{mso-margin-top-alt:auto; 	margin-right:0cm; 	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; 	margin-left:0cm; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 	{size:595.3pt 841.9pt; 	margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; 	mso-header-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --><!--[if gte mso 10]&#62; &#60;!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman";} --> <!--[endif]--></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Die andern beiden Grundformen finden sich nicht in perfekter Gestalt in den Natur vor. Sie müssen – vielleicht in anschaulicher Analogie zur Sonnenscheibe – erdacht werden, um bemerken zu können, dass sich in der Natur… unvollkommene Annäherungen vorfinden. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Und erst nach all dem können die fünf perfekten Körper erdacht werden; und kann man sich einbilden, diese Idealentwürfe lägen ihren unvollständigen natürlichen Nachbildungen "in Wahrheit" zu Grunde; in einer verborgenen Wahrheit selbstverständlich.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Die Arithmetik hat ältere Wurzeln, die bis zu den Babyloniern zurückreichen. Ist nun die Zahl ein "Naturverhältnis"? Beruht sie nicht darauf, dass die Dinge 'im Raum' eine Grenze haben und man sie neben einander stellen und also <em><span style="color:teal;">zählen</span></em> kann? Das sieht nur so aus. Tatsächlich zählen wir die Dinge nicht neben-, sondern <em><span style="color:teal;">nach</span></em> einander! Und das geschieht <em>i<span style="color:teal;">n der Zeit.</span></em></span></p>
<p><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/gansemarsch1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1518" title="nacheinander..." src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/gansemarsch1.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="83" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;color:black;">Paläoanthropologen haben aus frühester Vorzeit Stäbchen geborgen, die in regelmäßigen Abständen mit Kerben versehen sind. Sie interpretieren sie als Zählstäbe, die Vorläufer der Zahlensysteme; nämlich so, dass ihre Hersteller den Daumennagel auf die erste Kerbe gehalten haben: "zuerst..."; auf die zweiter Kerbe: "dann..."; dritte Kerbe: "und danach...". Da wird das zeitliche Nacheinander der Zahlen archäologisch sinnfällig!</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Und wem die erwähnten Zählstäbe der Paläontologen als Indiz zu dürftig scheinen, der kann es ja mit einem Gedankenexperiment versuchen.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Was immer Zahlen sonst auch noch sein mögen, eins sind sie ganz bestimmt: Zeichen. Was </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/numerologie.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1524" title="Numerologie" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/numerologie.jpg" alt="" width="190" height="214" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">muss man bezeichnen? Etwas, das man nicht stets vor Augen hat und doch 'behalten' will. Denn auf alles andere kann man mit dem Finger zeigen. Kleine Mengen hat man stets vor Augen: 3 Äpfel, 4 Beine usw. Bezeichnen müsste man größere Mengen. Mit welchen größeren Mengen könnten aber unsere Vorfahren - ihres Zeichens Jäger und Sammler - regelmäßig zu tun gehabt haben? So regelmäßig, dass sie sie dauerhaft bezeichnen mussten?!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Sie waren Nomaden; große Vorräte kannten sie nicht. Bleibt also übrig - die Zeit. Die Zeiträume müssen bezeichnet werden: wie viele Tage bis Vollmond, Sonnenwende und Tag- und Nachtgleiche, Jahreszeiten, Jahre... Gerade Nomaden, die ihr Leben buchstäblich durch Zeit und Raum führen, müssen mental Zeiträume 'vorweg nehmen' können, müssen wissen, 'wie lange wir brauchen bis...' - z. B. bis zur nächsten Wasserstelle. Denn solange sie keine Wanderkarten und keine Tachometer haben, können sie Wege nur als Zeit darstellen. (Noch im Mittelalter wurden Ackergrößen als 'Tagewerke' gemessen.)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Sagt nicht aber schon der gesunde Menschenverstand, dass <em><span style="color:teal;">eins und ein zwei</span></em> sind? 'Ursprünglich', d. h. in unmittelbarer sinnlicher Anschauung, kommen Zahlen nur als Ordnungszahlen vor: als Nacheinander in einem 'an sich' ununterschiedenen Zeitverlauf: erstens, zweitens, drittens… <em><span style="color:teal;">zählen</span></em> kann ich so noch nicht. Denn es könnte bedeuten: erstens ein Lufthauch, zweitens ein Elefant, drittens eine Untertasse. Um aus den Momenten im Zeitverlauf ein Werkzeug ("Denkzeug") zum Zählen zu machen, muss ich von der Zeit selber absehen und auf die zu zählenden Sachen reflektieren.</span></p>
<p><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/jagdstrecke.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1519" title="nacheinander!" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/jagdstrecke.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="128" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Vorab: Warum, wozu sind sie 'zu' zählen? Es braucht zunächst einmal eine Absicht; zum Beispiel die Absicht, Sachen zu verteilen. Ich verteile Sachen, die 'in einer gewissen Hinsicht' <em><span style="color:teal;">gleich</span></em> sind, auf so und so viele Posten, die ihrerseits in gewisser Hinsicht gleich sind; zum Beispiel Essbares an Hungrige. Ich muss aus der Mannigfaltigkeit der Sachen dasjenige heraus suchen, das sich unter der Bedeutung des Essbaren zusammenfassen lässt. Danach muss ich auf diejenigen achten, die mir als hungrig bekannt sind. <em><span style="color:teal;">Erst dann</span></em> kann ich aus den Ordnungszahlen erstens, zweitens, drittens… die Zahlen 1, 2, 3… abstrahieren.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Und erst, nachdem all diese Denkleistungen vollbracht wurden, kann von "Erfahrung" geredet werden. Erfahrung ist nicht das bloße Registrieren von Erlebensdaten, sondern ihre sinnvolle Unterscheidung und Anordnung. Die <em><span style="color:teal;">Absicht</span></em> geht voraus. Ohne vorgängige Absicht keine vorfindliche Bedeutung.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Un alcatraz d'amour]]></title>
<link>http://alainfoix.wordpress.com/?p=799</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 08:32:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alainfoix</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alainfoix.com/2008/09/25/un-alcatraz-damour/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Une île, une fleur, un anthurium. Rouge. Battant. Un cœur au milieu de la mer. Pétale, pétale un]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://alainfoix.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/15.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-800" title="15" src="http://alainfoix.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/15.jpg" alt="" width="540" height="358" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&#34;">Une île, une fleur, un anthurium. Rouge. Battant. Un cœur au milieu de la mer. Pétale, pétale unique éclos qui bat, qui bat au milieu de la mer. Une île cœur. Un Alcatraz d’amour. Ecoutons ce silence creusé dans la rumeur des vagues et le tumulte du monde. Un silence battant la musique du monde, le cœur du monde au cœur de l’océan. Un phare, un nénuphar, un sémaphore. Une brise, breeze, au milieu de la terre, earth. Une respiration, un souffle, breath. Heart, un cœur au milieu de la terre, earth. Juste l’h aspiré d’un petit déplacement. Un déplacement vers l’homme, un petit h, tout silencieux au cœur qui bat dans une mer de silence. Ejima est son nom. Le nom de l’île comme un lotus, cœur de sagesse battant de toutes les pulsations de tous ces petits h qui aspirent à faire l’homme comme ce gros cœur, earth, qui bat, bleu, qui bat au cœur de l’univers. C’est là, à Ejima que Christian Boltanski a conçu ce projet fou, cette symphonie pour l’homme seul et l’univers entier. Cette île au large du Japon est un catafalque où se déposent le son, le chant des cœurs, des cœurs battants de tous ces petits h si silencieux qui tous ensemble font cette musique inouïe qui veut s’appeler l’humanité. </span><a href="http://alainfoix.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/gsv-4.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-801" title="gsv-4" src="http://alainfoix.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/gsv-4.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="508" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&#34;">Des battements qui sont enregistrés pour une éternité dans des "</span><a href="http://www.lamaisonrouge.org/fr/fiche.php?section=menu05&#38;rubrique=9&#38;fiche=86">archives du coeur</a><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&#34;">". Une bande magnitude au milieu des étoiles. Une pyramide sonore. Un sanctuaire à l’équateur des hommes. C’est là, dans la mer du Japon et dans ce sarcophage vivant, à Ejima, que se déplace le méridien de l’heure universelle se mesurant désormais aux battements irréguliers de cette musique infinitésimale comme l’océan aux vaguelettes imperceptibles qui font ensemble tout le fracas du monde déferlant. Le monde comme l’unité de la diversité à percevoir, de l’individu et de son coeur, du singulier, du sujet et de l’énergumène qui, par sa manière unique de battre le rythme de sa vie concourt à sculpter l’homme, cette somme irréductible à ses parties. </span><a href="http://alainfoix.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/coeur.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-805" title="coeur" src="http://alainfoix.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/coeur.jpg" alt="" width="565" height="400" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&#34;">C’est la parole de Diderot, Leibniz et Spinoza que l’on entend de nouveau dans cette musique qui naît comme un nouveau rameau à Ejima, une île, un phare, un nénuphar, un sémaphore, un pharaon.</span><a href="http://alainfoix.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/yann1.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-808" title="yann1" src="http://alainfoix.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/yann1.jpg" alt="" width="434" height="204" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Die philosophische Wendeltreppe IV: Wissenschaft ist öffentliches Wissen, punctum.]]></title>
<link>http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/?p=1379</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2008 20:34:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ebmeierjochen</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ebmeierjochen.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/die-philosophische-wendeltreppe-iv-wissenschaft-ist-offentliches-wissen-punctum/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dass also Galileo sich (gegen die aristotelische mittelalterliche Scholas]]></description>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Dass also <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Galileo</em></span> sich (gegen die aristotelische mittelalterliche Scholastik) ausdrücklich auf die Philosophie <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Plato</em></span>s zurück besann und dessen Lehre von den ewigen "Ideen" umformte in die Vorstellung von "Naturgesetzen", das war die materiale Voraussetzung der modernen Wissenschaften. Die formale Voraussetzung war: Kritizität, und auch die hatte die Philosoühie begründet. Der Rahmen, in dem Philosophie seit ihren Anfängen Statt findet, ist <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Öffentlichkeit</em></span>. Öffentlichkeit und Kritik, Kritik und Öffentlichkeit, das ist schlechterdings dasselbe. Philosophie wird nicht privat betrieben, sondern im Dialog mit dem anders Denkenden. Heraklit polemisierte gegen den gesunden Menschenverstand, Parmenides polemisierte gegen Heraklit, die Sophisten gegen Parmenides, Plato gegen die Sophisten. Und immer so weiter. Es entstehen Schulen, Akademien und freilich auch geheime Orden und Sekten wie Stoiker und Pythagoreer. Aber das Entscheidende: Sie alle <span style="color:#008080;"><em>konkurrieren</em></span> auf dem freien Markt der Ideen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Das gilt auch, allen Vorurteilen zum Trotz, </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/disputation2.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1409" title="Disputation zwischen christlichen und jüdischen Scholasten" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/disputation2.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="168" height="165" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">von der Philosophie des "finsteren" Mittel- alters. Zwar galt sie damals als "Magd der Theologie" (<span style="color:#008080;"><em>ancilla theologiae</em></span>), aber es kommt schon darauf an, wie Kant später bemerkte, ob die Magd der gnädigen Frau die Schleppe<span> </span>hinterher trägt oder ihr mit dem Licht voran den Weg weist! Und der wesentlich Beitrag der Scholastiker zum Aufkommen der modernen Wissenschaften war, dass sie ihnen ihr <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Medium</em></span> geschaffen haben: die "Gelehrtenrepublik"</span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/scholastiker.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1382 alignright" title="Scholastiker beim Buchhändler" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/scholastiker.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="215" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;"> (<span style="color:#008080;"><em>res</em></span> <span style="color:#008080;">publica</span> <span style="color:#008080;"><em>eruditorum</em></span>) an den Universitäten von Palermo bis Uppsala, von Dubl in bis Wilna, wo nur eine Sprache, Latein, gesprochen wurde, und keiner etwas von sich geben konnte, ohne dass es nicht gleich auf dem (damals) schnellsten Wege von allen andern einer kritischen Sichtung unterzogen wurde. Und die waren in ihrer Kritik nicht zimperlich! Erst so ist <span style="color:#008080;"><em>das Wissen</em></span> zu einer gesellschaftlichen <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Instanz</em></span> geworden. Erst durch diesen Vorlauf konnten die Akademien und wissenschaftlichen Societäten entstehen, in denen Newton und Leibniz das, was wir heute als "Wissenschaft" kennen, <span style="color:#008080;"><em>gründen</em></span> konnten.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Dabei war das Bewusstsein, dass wahres Wissen immer von der Möglichkeit der Letztbegründung abhängt, <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Newton</em></span></span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/newton.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-439 alignleft" title="Isaac Newton" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/newton.jpg" alt="" width="168" height="177" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;"> ebenso gegenwärtig wie Leibniz. <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica</em></span> heißt sein Hauptwerk, und Leibniz ist bis heute selbst in der Umgangssprache als der Denker der "prästabilierten Harmonie" prä- sent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Aber das war eben jene <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Metaphysik</em><em></em></span>, der die Drei Kritiken von Immanuel Kant für immer den Garaus gemacht haben. Verzichtet also <span style="color:#008080;"><em>die</em><em></em></span> Wissenschaft seither auf einen 'letzten Grund' ihres Wissens? Auf die Frage nach Wahrheit? Na ja. Wir können sehr wohl erkennen, was unter <span style="color:#008080;"><em>gegebenen Prämissen</em><em></em></span> wahr ist. Freilich: Wahr ist es nur so fern, wie ich die Prämissen ausdrücklich mit denke. Und wer verbürgt nun die Richtigkeit dieser Prämissen? Kein Gott, kein Kaiser noch Tribun. Es ist die Republik der Wissenschaftler, die das tut, Tag für Tag aufs Neue, und ihr gehört jeder an, der am Werk der unablässigen Überprüfung mit arbeitet (auf das Risiko hin, dass ihm alle andern in die Waden beißen: Das gehört dazu.) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Der Wahrheitsbegriff der modernsten Wissenschaften beruht auf einem Modus, den der Wiener Volksmund </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/kopfstand.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1389" title="Paradigmenwechsel" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/kopfstand.jpg?w=255" alt="" width="179" height="210" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">umschreibt als "einstweilen definitiv". Die 'letzten Gründe', von denen sie ausgeht, sind dasjenige, was seit nunmehr vierzig Jahren als ihre <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Paradigmen</em></span> bekannt ist, und wie sehr es in der Wissenschaft heute wie eh um Wahrheit zu tun ist, erkennt man an den so genannten "Paradigmen- wechseln", die das Unterste zu oberst kehren und der Nachwelt jeweils wie eine 'wissenschaftliche Revolution' erscheinen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Glauben kann man das, was wahr ist, und was unwahr ist. Wissen kann man nur, was wahr ist. Alles andre muss man glauben.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Wissen ist das, was der öffentlichen Prüfung durch die Gemeinschaft aller Denkenden Stand gehalten hat. <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Das</em><em></em></span> ist "Maß und Substanz" der Wissenschaft. Es ist ein pragmatischer Begriff. Er muss sich jedesmal bewähren. So wie sich </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">in der Öffentlichkeit ein J</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">eder  jedesmal <span style="color:#008080;"><em>bewähren</em><em></em></span> muss.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#008080;"><strong><em><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Exkurs</span></em></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Im Schulunterricht wird es oft so dargestellt, als habe Galileo </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/pendel.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1387 alignright" title="Pendel" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/pendel.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="180" height="150" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">durch die Einführung des Expe- riments die Naturkunde zu einer Erfahrungswissenschaft umge- staltet. Das muss man mit den Worten Albert Einsteins relati- vieren: dass die Erfahrung eine Theorie bestätigen oder widerlegen könne; doch führt keine Weg aus der Erfahrung zur Theorie. Anders gesagt: Das Experiment dient dazu, eine Theorie zu überprüfen, aber ersonnen muss man sie vorher haben. <span style="color:#008080;">Steven Weinberg</span> [Physik-Nobelpreis 1979]</span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/weinberg.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1383 alignleft" title="Steven Weinberg, *1933 " src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/weinberg.jpg" alt="" width="144" height="98" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;"> nennt es ein Vorurteil, dass es in der Wissenschaft darauf ankomme, keine Vorurteile zu haben. Es kommt darauf an, die richtigen Vorurteile zu haben.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Und hier kommt Galileo wieder ins Spiel! Er hat nämlich (auf die Philosophie Platos zurückgreifend) in die Physik das Vorurteil eingeführt, "das Buch der Natur ist in mathematischer Sprache geschrieben". Indem die Mathematik eine jedermann zugängliche, für jedermann zwingend beweisbare Methode der gedanklichen Konstruktion ist, hat er so die Naturwissenschaft zu einer allgemein zugänglichen <span style="color:#008080;">Öffentlichkeit</span> gemacht. Und hier kommt nun<span> </span>auch das Experiment zu seinem Recht, denn es hat <span style="color:#008080;">dieselbe</span> Funktion: Indem die Versuchsanordnungen von jedermann allerorten jederzeit nachgestellt werden können, macht er nicht mehr nur die Erarbeitung, sondern auch die Überprüfung der Theorie zu einer öffentlichen Angelegenheit.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Der Empirismus im engeren Sinn ist eine durch <span style="color:#008080;">Francis Bacon</span> begründete </span><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/bacon-francis.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-1396" title="Francis Bacon" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/bacon-francis.jpg?w=193" alt="" width="116" height="180" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;">Unterströmung in der (insgesamt von Isaac Newton's mathematischem Rationalismus beherrschten) englischen Naturwissenschaft des 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Ihm diente das Experiment hauptsächlich dazu, Alchemie und<span> </span>ärztliche Kunst aus dem Dunst des Okkulten zu holen und öffentlicher <span style="color:#000000;">Erörterung allererst zugänglich zu machen.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;"><span style="color:#008080;">Merke:</span> Der Naturwissenschaftler beobachtet keines Wegs "die Natur" so lange, bis sie ihm von allein ein Lied singt. Vielmehr reißt er aus der Natur vorsätzlich ein winziges Stückchen heraus, zwingt es in die Folterkammer seines <span style="color:#008080;">Labors</span> und quält es kunstvoll so lange, bis es auf seine gezielten Fragen mit Ja oder Nein antwortet.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/folterkammer1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1386" title="Folterkammer auf Burg Stolpen" src="http://ebmeierjochen.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/folterkammer1.jpg" alt="" width="409" height="529" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:&#34;"> </span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Na padaria]]></title>
<link>http://cutia.wordpress.com/?p=372</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 21:36:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Gigi</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cutia.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/19/na-padaria/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tinha lá uma caixinha de biscoitos importados. Quem disse que biscoito não pode ser filosófico? O]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Tinha lá uma caixinha de biscoitos importados. Quem disse que biscoito não pode ser filosófico? Ou matemático-filosófico?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/craydanceruk/181760360/"><img class="aligncenter" title="Choco Leibniz" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/56/181760360_9c6ebb6915.jpg?v=0" alt="" width="500" height="357" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mas eu acho que um <em>Choco Chomsky</em> venderia mais; além de soar muito mais crocante, teriam ainda as hordas de lingüistas que comprariam só pela graça. Mas não seria o único produto!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" title="Palate" src="http://www.vitor.art.br/site/images/painel_palate.jpg" alt="" width="466" height="234" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Na verdade eu gostaria que esse achocolatado se chamasse <em>Soft Palate</em>. Mas não importa, porque de todos os produtos feitos de chocolate, o meu favorito continua sendo aquele em que os segmentos já vêm discernidos!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="aligncenter" title="Toblerone" src="http://www.candyrev.com/images/toblerone_mini4.JPG" alt="" width="450" height="338" /></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Minimal Art]]></title>
<link>http://onlinekunst.wordpress.com/?p=3</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 16 Sep 2008 07:40:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>politikspiegel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://onlinekunst.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/16/minimal-art/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Wer es betritt, hat sich einem Ritual zu unterwerfen. Er taucht ein in einen Raum des Wissens, in ei]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wer es betritt, hat sich einem Ritual zu unterwerfen. Er taucht ein in einen Raum des Wissens, in ein sakrales Buch, das ein geschlossenes philosophisches System als Gedankenexperiment und zugleich als Sinnbild des Weltgefüges vermittelt. Auch wenn dieses Werk der Minimal Art sicherlich wenig Leser findet, es veranschaulicht ein abstraktes Zeichensystem das seine Lesbarkeit voraussetzt. Was <a href="http://www.kunst-kultur-forum.de">Hans Blumenberg (Kunst Kultur Forum)</a> im Hinblick auf die Ars combinato-ria von Leibniz schreibt, die in der Idee des Zeichensystems ein Universalbuch in der Konsequenz des I-ching darstellt, erklärt auch Walter De Marias »360° I Ching«. <!--more-->Die Idee stehe zwischen einer "Metaphysik der Unendlichkeit" und dem "Programm einer exakten und vollständigen Darstellung aller gedanklichen Möglichkeiten durch Characteristica universalis".10 Diese erwachse aus der Kombinatorik innerhalb des Zeichensystems für eine, wie Blumenberg schreibt, kleine Anzahl einfacher kompatibler Vorstellungen.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[CERN DENEYİ ve  ARKHENİN KISA TARİHİ]]></title>
<link>http://mustafaijaz.wordpress.com/?p=50</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2008 14:25:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mİ</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mustafaijaz.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/12/cern-deneyi-ve-arkhenin-kisa-tarihi/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Cern Deneyi : Yeni Fizik konferansı | Atatürk Üni. 2008
 Cern Deneyi &amp; Arkhenin Kısa Tarih]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><a title="&#34;Yeni Fizik &#38; Cern Deneyi Konferansı , Atatürk Üni. Fizik Bölümü &#124; 2008&#34; " href="http://mustafaijaz.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/2.jpg"></a></p>
[caption id="attachment_63" align="alignright" width="300" caption="Cern Deneyi : Yeni Fizik konferansı &#124; Atatürk Üni. 2008"]<a href="http://mustafaijaz.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/21.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-63" title="Yeni Fizik  konferansı &#124; Atatürk Üni. 2008" src="http://mustafaijaz.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/21.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></a>[/caption]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> <a href="http://mustafaijaz.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/arkhenin-kisa-tarihi-ve-cern-deneyi.pps">Cern Deneyi &#38; Arkhenin Kısa Tarihi Konferans PPT Dosyası</a></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><em><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">From Water to Higgs Particle: The Short History of Arche”, 5th International Student Conference of the Balkan Physical Union, ISCBPU-5, Bodrum, 21-24 Ağustos 2007, sayfa:74 (Sözlü bildiri). &#124;</span></em></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><em><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> mustafa ijaz</span></em></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><em><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></em></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">ABSTRACT</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;">An answer to the question “What is <em>arche</em>?” acts a basic role on the structure of many ontological and epistemological matters in both philosophy and physics. The idea of an <em>arche</em> was first philosophized by <em><a title="&#34;Thales&#34;" href="http://!!arv6fuj2jp,thales/"><span>Thales</span></a> of <a title="&#34;Miletus&#34;" href="http://!!arv6fuj2jp,miletus/"><span>Miletus</span></a></em>, who claimed that the first principle of all things is water. Since then, many elements and principles have been proposed by philosophers from atoms (<em>Democritos</em>) to numbers (<em>Pythagoras</em>) during the Ancient age. After turning into the atom idea with J. Dalton in early 19. century, the idea of <em>arche</em> has been discussed by physicists and an atom was considered to be an initial and indivisible matter. The dramatic and historical discoveries in 20. century produced many new basic particles from quarks to leptons. Current theories and paradigms in high-energy and particle physics propose a new particle called Higgs boson, which is a hypothetical massive </span><a title="&#34;Scalar%20field%20theory&#34;" href="http://!!arv6fuj2jp,scalar%20field%20theory/"><span><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;">scalar</span></span></a><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> </span><a title="&#34;elementary%20particle&#34;" href="http://!!arv6fuj2jp,elementary%20particle/"><span><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;">elementary particle</span></span></a><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> predicted to exist by the Standard Model. We wonder if we find out this outstanding particle, which can be considered as an <em>arche</em> proposal. Will this most expensive experiment in the history of science, which will be carried out using LHC in CERN, be able to provide a satisfactory solution to the <em>arche</em> idea?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:15.9pt;text-align:center;margin:0;" align="center"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><em><span>Key concepts: </span></em></strong><em><span>Arche, Higgs, Philosophy, Particle Physics<strong> </strong></span></em></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:center;margin:0;" align="center"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">1.GİRİŞ</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Konumuz; En kadim soru cevaplanabilecek mi?</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Peki, en kadim soru ne?</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">ARKHE NEDİR?</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Bu soruya vereceğimiz cevap ontolojik ve epistemolojik düzeyde pek çok düşünce sisteminde yargı ve sonuç cümlelerinin yapısını oluşturur. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Gerçeklik sadece görünüşlerden mi ibarettir?</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Yoksa görünüşlerin arkasında bir temel var mıdır?</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>Yani arkhe var mıdır? Varsa nedir? </span><span>Madde midir, ilke midir? Tek yada çok mudur? </span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">2. ARKHE NEDİR?</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Arkhe nedir? Sorusu insanlık tarihinin en kadim ve mistik (gizemli) sorusudur.  </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>Felsefenin kurucuları sayılan ’doğa filozofları’nın felsefi düşünceye ilk adımı; bir ilk neden, ilk temel töz, temel madde, temel ilke; yunanca arkhe sorusu üzerinde düşünmeleridir. Russel’in arkhe tarifi anmaya değerdir; <strong>” arkhe: görünüşlerin asıldığı varsayılan imgesel bir çengel.” </strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Arkhenin bazı özellikleri şunlardır: </span></span></span></p>
<ol type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Başlangıçtaki Temel Madde (Initial Basic Matter)</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Temel Öz (Basic Substance) </span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Bölünemeyen En Küçük Parça ( Indivisible  )</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Sonsuz ve Tek ( Eternal and Unique)</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Kendi Kendinin Nedeni ( The Cause of Itself)</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Her Türlü Yüklemin Öznesi ( The Subject of Every Various Predicate)</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Kendinde Şey ( The Thing In Itself) </span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Dünyanın İlk Nedeni, İlkesi ( First Principle of The World) </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Bu özellikler ortaya konulurken arkhe ilke yada madde olarak iki türde düşünülmüştür. Arkehin ilke mi yoksa madde mi olduğu ise başka bir yazının konusudur.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">3. ARKHE TARİHİ</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Bu çalışma esnasında <em>Arkhe</em>’yi dört disiplinde ele alacağız.</span></span></span></p>
<ol type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Mitoloji</span></strong></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>Teoloji </span></strong><em><span>(kutsal metinler)</span></em></span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Felsefe </span></strong></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Fizik</span></strong></span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">4. MİTOLOJİK DÜŞÜNCEDE ARKHE</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Mitolojik düşüncede evrenin başlangıcı karışıklık, belirsizlik ve sonsuz boşluk anlamına gelen Khaos’tur. Khaos içinden once Gaia (toprak ana) doğdu. Gaia’dan Uranos (gökyüzü) , Pontos (deniz) ve dağlar oluştu. Bunlarla birleşerek şekillenmeye başlayan evreni tanrısal varlıklar doldurdu ve güzellik , düzenlilik anlamına gelen Cosmos’a ulaşıldı.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">5.KUTSAL METİNLERDE ARKHE</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Arkhe nedir sorusuna kutsal metinlerde de verilmiş cevaplar vardır ve kutsal metinlerin kendi iç disiplinleri açısından önemlidir.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Bazı kutsal metinler ve arkhe sorusuna verilen cevaplar şunlardır</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<ol type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>Tevrat </span></strong><span>( The Old Testament ) ; <strong>Su </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>İncil </span></strong><span>( The New Testament)   ; <strong>Söz</strong> <em>(Matta: Önce Söz Vardı.)</em> </span></span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>Kur’an- ı Kerim</span></strong><span> ; <strong>Su</strong> <em>(Enbiya Suresi,30)</em> Ve <strong>Söz </strong><em>(Kûnfeyekûn)</em> </span></span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>Hint, Çin, Japon Kutsal Metinlerinde</span></strong><span> ; <strong>Boşluk</strong> (Void,Vacuum) </span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">6.FELSEFİ DÜŞÜNCEDE ARKHE</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Felsefenin en temel konusu varlık felsefesidir. Varlık felsefesinin de bel kemiği ‘arkhe’ sorunudur. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> Felsefe tarihi <em>Arkhe nedir?</em> sorusuna verilmiş cevaplardan oluşmuştur desek yeridir. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">“ hiçten hiç bir şey çıkmaz” ( ex nihilo, nihil fit) ilkesiyle yola çıkan Miletos Okulu düşünürlerinden  <strong>Thales</strong> <em>Arkhe nedir?</em> Diye sormuş ve su diye cevaplayarak yüzyıllarca sürecek bir tartışmayı başlatmıştır.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> Filozofların arkhe sorusuna verdiği cevaplar şunlardır :</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><span> <strong>Thales ~ SU</strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:5pt 45pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">[Kadim felsefenin bir anlamda tarihini yazmış olan Aristoteles, Thales’i bu sonuca, herşeyin sıvı bir varlıktan beslendiği, sıcağın da sudan türeyip, suyla beslendiği, herşeyin tohumunun nemli bir yapıda olduğu gözleminin götürdüğünü söyler. Buharlaşma, suyun buhar ya da hava olabilmesini, donma ise suyun toprağa dönüşümünü akla getirmiştir. Onu arkhenin su olduğu sonucuna götüren nedenler ne olursa olsun, onu felsefe tarihinde önemli kılan unsur, verdiği yanıttan çok, sorduğu “Temel töz nedir?” sorusudur.] </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Herakleitos   ~Ateş</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:5pt 45pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">[Herakleitos<strong> </strong>(# İ.Ö. 540 - 480)  Miletos geleneğine bağlı olmayan bir İonia'lıdır. (Ephessus) Ateşi  temel töz sayar. Ona göre her şey, ateşteki alev gibi, başka bir şeyin ölümünden doğmaktadır. Zıtlıkları (çelişkileri) görerek "her şey akar” (değişir - panta rei) tezini ortaya atmıştır. Herakleitos'u, kendinden önceki düşünürlerden ayıran en önemli özellik burada yatmaktadır. Miletos okulu temel tözü, kalıcı, kendi kendisiyle özdeş, doğanın değişmeyen neni olarak betimlemişti. Düşünürümüz bu teze karşın, "her şey akar" prensibinden hareketle, "temel töz, ateş olmalıdır" sonucuna varmıştır. Mevcut maddelerden, başka maddeler çıkartabilen tek nen ateştir. Evren'de, kalıcı bir madde varmış gibi düşündüğümüzde, büyük bir yanılgı içersine düşeriz. "Aynı nehirde iki kez yıkanmak mümkün değildir." Akıp giden suları yüzünden o artık başka bir nehirdir.] </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Pythagoras ~  SAYI</span></strong><span> <em>(Quantum kuramı son geldiği noktada her şeyi ‘sayı ‘ ile ifade etmektedir. Her şeyi, ama her şeyi.)</em></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Anaximenes ~  Hava-Nefes-Ruh</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">[Anaksimenes'e (# İ.Ö. 570-526) göre temel töz, havadır. Ruh havadır. Onun felsefe alanındaki yeniliği ise, ilk kez olarak birlikten çokluğa geçiş süreci üzerinde, varolan herşeyin havadan nasıl varlığa geldiğini açıklamaya yoğunlaşmış olmasıdır. Birlikten çokluğa geçiş sürecini açıklarken, dudaklarımızı birbirine yaklaştırıp avucumuza üflediğimiz zaman, ağzımızdan çıkan havanın soğuk, ağzımızı fazlaca açıp, avucumuza üflediğimiz zaman da, ağzımızdan çıkan havanın sıcak olması gözleminden yararlanarak, sıkışma ve seyrekleşme kavramlarına ulaşmıştır. Ateş süzülmüş / temizlenmiş havadır. Hava yoğunlaştığı anda, önce su olur. Arkasından yoğunlaşma arttıkça toprak ve nihayet taş oluşur. Anaksimenes’teki seyrekleşme ve sıkışma kavramları, birlikten çokluğa geçiş sürecini açıklamaya yaradıktan başka, her tür niteliği, niceliğe indirgeme girişimini temsil eder.Anaksimenes, yukarda özetlenen görüşleri ile felsefeye, çok önemli iki soluk getirmiş bir düşünürdür;1-  Felsefî düşünceye ilk defa girdiğini söylediğimiz "ruh kavramı", Anaksimenes'e göre insan vücuduna hayat veren, onu canlı ve ayakta, daha da önemlisi bir arada tutan, cansız bir yığın hâline dönüşüp dağılmasını önleyen nendir. Nasıl ki Evren’i kuşatan hava, onu ayakta tutuyorsa, aynı şekilde içimizdeki nefes, aldığımız soluk olarak ruh da, bize can verir. Buna göre, ruh insan varlığındaki hareket ve canlılık ilkesidir.2-  Temel töz (arkhe) kavramından, diğer maddelerin nasıl oluştuğu sualine mantıklı yanıtlar getirmeye çalışmıştır. Hava yoğunlaşması ile gevşemesinin, diğer maddeleri ortaya çıkaran süreç olduğu görüşü, bu alandaki ilk nicel teori olarak bilinmektedir.]</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Anaximandros ~  Sonsuz</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:5pt 45pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>[</span><span>Temel töz, sonsuz ve tükenmez olmalıdır. Su gibi nicel açıdan sınırlı bir maddeden, Evreni meydana getiren sonsuz varlık kütlesi doğamaz. Sonsuz sayıda Evren olduğunu öne süren Anaksimandros’a göre, sonsuz miktarda maddenin mevcudiyeti gereklidir. Bu yüzden ana maddeyi, "aperion" (sınırı olmayan madde) olarak isimlendirmektedir. Bilinen elementlerden herhangi biri temel töz olsa idi, diğerlerini kaçınılmaz olarak egemenliği altına alırdı. Hava soğuk, su nemli, ateş sıcaktır. Bunlardan biri sonsuz hacimde olursa, diğerlerini derhâl ortadan kaldırır. Bu yüzden  ana töz, kozmik (evrensel) çatışmada tarafsız olmalıdır. Başka bir deyişle, değişme, doğum ve ölüm, büyüme ve küçülme, bir öğenin sınırlarını diğerinin aleyhine olacak şekilde genişletmesinin bir sonucu olduğu için, suyun doğasına aykırı bir yapıda olan öğe ya da şeylerin, su içinde nasıl olup da eriyip gitmedikleri sorusuna doyurucu bir açıklama getirilemez. Sudan, yalnızca ıslak ve soğuk olan şeyler türeyebilir. Oysa, dünyada sıcak ve kuru olan şeyler de vardır. Suyun nitelik bakımından belirli olmasının yarattığı güçlükten kurtulsak bile, bu kez suyun nicelik bakımından sınırlı oluşunun yarattığı güçlük karşımıza çıkar. </span><span>"O hâlde temel töz, (arkhe) belirsizdir.”]</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Anaksagoras  ~ Üstün (tanrısal) Akıl (Nous)</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">[algılamalarımız bize Evren'i, düzen gereği bir bütün olarak gösteriyorsa, bu düzeni bir amaca (telos – ilâhî amaç) göre düzenleyen bir kuvvet de mevcut olmalıdır. Anaksagoras bu mantıktan hareketle, yaratılışı / oluşu (genesis) meydana getiren ilkeye, düşünme yetisine olan benzerliği yüzünden, "NOUS" adını vermiştir. "Nous" gayri maddî  bir kavram değildir. O da bir maddedir ama, pek özel, ince ve seçkin bir maddedir. Evren'deki oluşu meydana getiren hareketin başlangıcıdır "nous". İlk hareketi gerçekleştiren kuvvettir. Bu hareket, "nous"un istediği yönde gelişmiştir.]</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Leukippos   ~Boşluk &#38; Atom</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:5pt 45pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">[Leukippos’un boşluk kavramı gerçek bir vakum ifâde eder. Var olan boşluk kavramı ile, bu boşluğun içerdiği sonsuz sayıda, küçük olduğundan görünmez, maddenin mevcut olması gereğini ileri sürmüş ve böylelikle çokçuluğun (pluralism) temellerini, mantıkî bir kesinlikle ortaya koyan ilk düşünür olmuştur.]</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Demokritos ~  Atom</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Platon ~  Idea </span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Aristo  ~ Yetkin Varlık</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Empodokles  ~  Su+Ateş+Hava &#38;Toprak</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Zenon  ~  ‘Hiç</span></strong><span> (absurde,uyumsuz)’</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:5pt 45pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>[Elea'lı Zenon'a göre çokluk, devinim ve değişim, hem saçma, hem de uyumsuz (absurde) kavramlardır. Bunu kanıtlamak maksadiyle ortaya attığı "antinoma"lar, asırlar boyu tartışılmış, çok enteresan ögeler taşır;1-  Nesneler çokluk iseler, hem sonsuz küçük, hem de sonsuz büyük olmalıdırlar. Zira, var olanı, artık bölünemez olana kadar bölersek, bunlar büyüklüğü olmayan "hiçler" olurlar. Bunları bir araya getirsek bile, hiçlerin toplanmasından bir cesamet kazanılamaz. Yine de sonsuz küçük olurlar. Çokluğun uzayda bir yer kapladığını düşünürsek, çoğun bir araya gelmesi ile sonsuz bir büyüklük meydana gelir. 2-  Çokluk, sayıca hem sonlu, hem de sonsuzdur. Sayıca sonludur; zira ne kadar ise, o kadar olacaktır. Ama çokluk, aynı zamanda sayıca sonsuzdur. Çünki hiç durmaksızın birbirlerini sınırlarlar ve kendilerini böylelikle başka nesnelerden ayırırlar. Bu başka nesneler de, yanlarındaki başka nesnelerle sınırlıdırlar ve bu böyle sürüp gider.3-   Devinim ile ilgili kanıtlardan (antinoma'lardan) en çok bilineni, Achilleus ile kaplumbağanın yarışıdır. Achilleus ne kadar hızlı koşarsa koşsun, kaplumbağaya yetişemez. Zira o süre içersinde kaplumbağa, çok çok küçük de olsa, bir yol almış olacak ve bu devinim sonsuza dek sürüp gidecektir.4-  Bir koşu pistinin sonuna hiç bir zaman ulaşamazsın. Zira pistin önce yarısını, sonra kalanın yarısını, sonra yine kalanın yarısını koşman gerekir. Bu böyle sonsuza dek sürer, gider. Sonlu bir zaman içersinde, sonsuz uzay aralıkları geçilemez. 5-  Ok Paris'e asla erişemeyecek veya onu asla vuramayacaktır. Zira ;a)   Uçan ok, her anda belli bir noktada olmak zorundadır. </span><span>Belli bir noktada bulunmak demek, durmak demektir. Ok, hareketinin her hangi bir anında duruyorsa, katetmesi gerekli yolun tamamı itibara alındığında da durmaktadır. </span><span>Duran ok, Paris'i vuramaz.b)   Ok Paris'e erişmek için bir çizgi üzerinde (bu bir parabol olsa bile) hareket edecektir. Çizgi, geometrik olarak sonsuz noktadan meydana gelir. Okun bu sonsuz noktayı, sonlu bir zamanda katetmesi olası değildir.Zenon'un tüm bu "antinoma"larını, salt mantık süzgecine vurmazdan önce; -    "var olanı bir çokluk ve hareket diye düşünürsek, çelişkiye düşeriz.-    Öyle ise varlık, ancak bir, tek ve hareketsiz olabilir" ]</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Descartes   ~Tanrı</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Hobbes ~  Madde</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Spinoza ~  Tanrı &#38; Tabiat </span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Leibniz   ~ Monad</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Hegel  ~  Geist</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Marx ~  Madde  (maddeki değişim)</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Dewey ~   Modulasyon</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-18pt;line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 36pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>•       </span><strong><span>Sartre ~ İNSAN </span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">.</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">7.   FİZİKTE ARKHE</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Atomculuk ilkçağda Demokritos tarafından ortaya atılan bilimsel bir hipotezdir. Atom düşüncesinin açıklaması kavramsal-felsefi değil, ilke olarak deneysel anlamda yanlışlanabilir savlar dizisinden oluşur.  Bir süre unutulan atom düşüncesi Lucretius ve J.Daltonla birlikte 19. yy’da tekrar ele alınmış, modern kimya ve modern fiziğin bel kemiğini teşkil edecek bir duruma gelmiştir. Evrenin başlangıç hikayesi olan Big-Bang’ın ve Einstein’ın temel görelilik kuramı’nın açıklanmasında, Heisenberg ‘in belirsizlik prensibinin yapısında Standart Modelin öngördüğü temel parçacıklar** önemli bir yer tutar. Standard Modelin öngördüğü ,henüz gözlemlenmemiş en ünlü parçacık higgs parçacığıdır. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">8.   HİGGS : TANRI PARÇACIĞI </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><a href="http://mustafaijaz.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/peter-higgs.jpg"><strong></strong></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><a title="Peter Higgs" rel="Peter Higgs" href="http://Hiçbiri"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-64" title="peter-higgs1" src="http://mustafaijaz.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/peter-higgs1.jpg" alt="Peter Higgs" width="285" height="360" /></a> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">Nobel ödüllü fizikçi Leon Lederman tarafından  ‘tanrı parçacığı’ diye tarif edilen higgs parçacığı Standart Model’de parçacıkların nasıl kütle kazandıkları sorusuna 1966’da Peter Higgs tarafından verilmiş bir cevaptır. Standart Model, skaler bir alan olan higgs alanıyla etkileşen parçacıkların kütle kazandıklarını öngörür. Higgs alanı sıfır değil de sıfırdan farklı bir değere sahip olduğu zaman en düşük enerji durumunda olur. Higgs parçacıkları en düşük enerji durumlarında bulundukları sürece tamamen görünmez olurlar ve bu yönüyle eşyaya ve olaylara ( hareketlere) bildiğimiz, algıladığımız özellikleri sağlarlar. Boş uzay tamamen higgs parçacıkları ile doludur. Bilim tarihinin en ünlü denkleminde de higgs öngörülür: E= mcc : yapışma enerjisi ; higgs parçacığının yapışma enerjisi ne kadar güçlüyse kütle de o ölçüde büyük olur. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;">SONUÇ</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><span>Geçtiğimiz gün Cern’de LHC (the large hadron collider) ‘de yapılaN proton-proton çapışmasında gözlenmesi beklenen Higgs en kadim sorunun (ARKHE NEDİR? ) cevabı olabilecek mi? Bekleyip göreceğiz<em>.(tabii, saniyenin milyarda biri zamanda ne görebilirsek )</em></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>dipnot</span></strong><span>: 6.bölümdeki <em>köşeli parantez</em> içindeki açıklamalar <em>Eren Erbabacan</em>’a aittir</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><strong><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.9pt;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="color:#c0c0c0;"><strong><span>** Parçacık fiziği</span></strong><span> <a title="Madde" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madde"><span>madde</span></a>'nin parçacıklarını ve aralarındaki karşılıklı etkileşimi konu alan <a title="Fizik" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik"><span>fizik</span></a> dalıdır. <a title="Atom" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"><span>Atomalt</span></a>ı parçacıkları inceler.<a title="Atomaltı parçacıklar" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomalt%C4%B1_par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1klar"><span>Atomaltı parçacıklar</span></a> bağımsız olarak ömürleri çok kısa olduğu için normal şartlar altında gözlemlenemezler. Bu amaçla oluşturulan <a title="Parçacık hızlandırıcısı" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1k_h%C4%B1zland%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1"><span>parçacık hızlandırıcısı</span></a> denilen dev düzeneklerde, yüksek elektrik alan etkisi ile hızlandırılmış parçacıkların <a title="Manyetik alan" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyetik_alan"><span>manyetik alan</span></a> etkisi ile odaklanarak çarpıştırılması ile ortaya çıkan farklı parçacıklar incelenebilir hale getirilmeye çalışılır. Bu işlemlerin yapılmasında ve yaratılan çarpışmalarda ortaya çıkan enerji miktarları çok büyük olduğundan <a title="Parçacık" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1k"><span>parçacık</span></a> fiziği yüksek <a title="Enerji" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji"><span>enerji</span></a> fiziği olarak da adlandırılır. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;">______________________________________________________</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:small;color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Calibri;">konuyla ilgili popüler web ürünleri arasında ilginizi çekebilecek br tanesi:  </span><a href="http://www.vimeo.com/1431471?pg=embed&#38;sec=1431471"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">CERN LHC RAP</span></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Leibniz' "optical" Response to the Theologico-Political Treatise]]></title>
<link>http://kvond.wordpress.com/?p=865</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2008 00:52:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kvond</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kvond.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/08/leibniz-optical-response-to-the-theological-political-treatise/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Letter 45, Leibniz to Spinoza&#8230;Who was &#8220;John Oltius&#8221;
I begin with a slight addit]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><strong><img class="alignnone" src="http://i180.photobucket.com/albums/x247/soundandfuryandpeace/leibniz.gif" alt="" width="243" height="275" /></strong></p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Letter 45, Leibniz to Spinoza...Who was "John Oltius"</strong></p>
<p>I begin with a slight addition to Samuel Shirley's footnote for Leibniz's letter to Spinoza (Ep. 45). Leibniz writes introducing authors of interest,</p>
<blockquote><p>"I believe you have received the <em>Prodromus</em> of Francis Lana, S. J., written in Italian, which also contains some notable suggestions on Dioptrics. But John Oltius, too, a young Swiss, who is very learned in these matters has published his <em>Physical-Mechanical Reflections on Vision</em>, in which he promises a certain machine for polishing all kinds of glasses, which is very simple and of general application. He also says that he had discovered a method for gathering all the rays coming from all the points of an object into as many corresponding pionts. But this applies only to an object at a certain distance and of a certain shape."</p></blockquote>
<p>Shirley notes, that "John Oltius" (and presumably the work cited) is unknown (<em>Spinoza: Complete Works</em>, 884).</p>
<p>A quick comparison with a letter Leibniz wrote a week or so later to Oldenberg on the same subject of a "Pandochal Lens" would show that "John Oltius" is there called "Johann Ottius",</p>
<blockquote><p>Amicus mihi est <strong>Johannes Ottius</strong>, juvenis egregie doctus, vobis non ignotus, qui praeclaras habet meditationes Opticas, quamquam mihi Ellipsibus et Hyperbolis plus aequo tribuere videatur.</p>
<p>15/25 October 1671, Letter XIII</p></blockquote>
<p>Under a question of identity, because Leibniz refers to Johannes Ottius in both his letters to Spinoza and Oldenburg as "young" we can deny that his the same Johannes Ottius who in the next year would publish his exhaustive, and highly informative study of the Anabapists, <a href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A552.html"><em>Annales Anabaptistici</em></a><em>, </em>whose biography is summerized below:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>Ottius, Johann Heinrich</strong> (ca. 1617-1682)<br />
Ottius (Otto, Otte, Ott), Johann Heinrich (c1617-1682), a Swiss Reformed church historian, was educated at the universities of Lausanne, Geneva, Groningen, Leiden, and Amsterdam, traveled through France and England, and then became preacher in Dietikon near Zürich. He occupied himself with the study of the great Catholic church history by Baronius, and wrote on the question whether and when Peter was in Rome. In 1672 he published the <em>Annales Anabaptistici hoc est, Historia Universalis de Anabaptistarum origine, progressu, factionibus &#38; schismatis, paradoxis, tumultibus, colloquiis, pacificationibus, locis &#38; sedibus, scriptis hinc illinc emissis, edictis &#38; judiciis, ac quicquid praeterea ad rem facere videtur. His Præmissa prolegomena 1. Ad lectorem. 2. de variis Anabaptistarum fectis tractatio duplex. 3. collatio cum veteribus hæreticis. 4. de Donatistis. 5. quomodo tractandi ejusmodi homines; uná cum Indice copioso</em>(Basel, 1672), a chronicle of the Anabaptists year by year from 1521 (Müntzer and Storch!) to 1671. Although Ottius was not very favorable to the Anabaptists and his Annales are not entirely unprejudiced, this account of Anabaptist history contains many interesting facts. He spent the years 1634-1641 in the Netherlands, industriously collecting the material that he later worked into his chronicle. He must have had an extraordinary acquaintance with the old Anabaptist writings. Later he became a professor at the University of Zürich. He must be distinguished from a number of contemporaries of the same name with variant spellings.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>- the <a href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/O890.html">Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a></p></blockquote>
<p>This Ottius would be 54 years old, and as Leibniz himself is only 25 at the time, to equate the two men simply would not do. Secondly, the entry warns that Johannes Ottius must not be confused with contempories with the same name, so we must be wary of any direct assocition; but I think it at least a suggestive, if imaginative inference to think that our Swiss "johannes Ottius" may be a son of the historian of the Anabapist and Mennonite movement, which would be a particularly significant lineage of thought. I don't know if Shirley had checked the letter to Oldenburg, but at the least we add the name "Ottius" to the name "Oltius" of letter 45, in hopes of uncovering this author.</p>
<blockquote><p><strong><img class="alignnone" src="http://i180.photobucket.com/albums/x247/soundandfuryandpeace/gutenbergpress.jpg" alt="" width="268" height="309" /></strong></p></blockquote>
<p><strong>The Problem of the TTP</strong></p>
<p>Much more importantly than this parenthetical note is the fact that Leibniz' letter to Spinoza on an issue of optics occurs right in the middle of his positioning correspondence to others who are outraged by Spinoza's recently published <em>Theologico-Political Treatise. </em>Some of exchange:</p>
<p>Graevius writes on April 12, 1671, concerning TTP,</p>
<blockquote><p>Last year there appeared this most pernicious book, whose title is <em>Discursus Theologico-Politicus</em>, a book which, having pursued a Hobbesian path, nevertheless quite often deviates rather far even from that, sets up the height of injustice as natural law, and having undermined the authority of sacred scripture, has opened the window very wide to ungodliness. Its author is said to be a Jew, named Spinoza, who was previously excommunicated from the synagogue because of his wicked opinions, but his book has also been proscribed for the same reason by the authorities. I think that you have seen it, but if you haven't, I shall make it a point to have a copy sent to you. (A I, i, 142)</p></blockquote>
<p>Leibniz's replies, May 5 1671:</p>
<blockquote><p>I have read Spinoza's book. I grieve that a man of his evident learning should have fallen so far into error. Hobbes' Leviathan has laid the foundations of the critique he carries out against the sacred books, but that critique can be shown to often be defective. These things tend to overturn the Christian Religion, which has been established by the precious blood of the martyrs and by such great labors and vigilance. If only someone could be stirred to activity who was equal to Spinoza in erudition, but [dedicated?] to the Christian cause, who might refute his frequent paralogisms and abuse of oriental letters. (A I, i, 148)</p></blockquote>
<p>And then after his Letter 45 and 46 exchange with Spinoza, he writes to Gottlieb Spitzel, urging an erudite refutation,</p>
<blockquote><p>Doubtless you have seen the book published in Holland, called The Liberty of Philosophizing. They say the author is a Jew. He employs a judgment which, while indeed erudite, is at the same time interspersed with much poison against the antiquity, genuineness, and authority of the sacred scripture of the Old Testament. In the interests of piety he should be refuted by some man solidly learned in Oriental studies, such as yourself or someone like you. (A I, i, 193)</p></blockquote>
<p>Leibniz's optical letter to Spinoza, given the epistolary machinations, (it is interesting that to Spitzel Leibniz hides the fact that he knows Spinoza to be the author of TTP, as most incriminatingly Spinoza had offered to send Leibniz a copy of the text), reads as a scientico-political entreaty to the author of the <em>Theologico-Political Treatise</em>, an engagement of politics through science. This is supported by the very nature of the work that Leibniz includes. If one reads Leibniz's very short <em>A Note on Advanced Optics </em>("Notitia opticae promotae"), one sees that the intent of the work is to see in the perfection of optics a unification of all people under a rational perception of the world, framed as a distinctly political ambition of drawing heroic men together on a single path. Leibniz's newly invented "Pandochal" (all-receiving of rays) lens, seems to manifest for him the rational and political power of his thought.</p>
<p><strong>"Notitia opticae promotae" and J. Hudde</strong></p>
<p>Also of significance is that Leibniz requests that his "Notitia opticae promotae" be forwarded to Johannes Hudde, who is on the verge of being appointed as Burgomaster of Amsterdam (a position he would hold for 30 years). Spinoza writes back that Hudde tells him that he is quite busy, but will look at the text in a week or two. This shows that Hudde and Spinoza are still in contact (despite the climbing rancor over his TTP); but also, it is from Hudde's optical treatise, "Specilla circularia" that Spinoza composes much of his anti-Cartesian, or at least anti-hyperbolic, arguments. Leibniz, having himself studied Hudde's Specilla, seems to be aware of this connection between the two men, and his conflation of the political and the optical in the Notitia, in part as a response to Spinoza's <em>Theologico-Political Treatise</em>, marks out what is at stake in the literalization of optical metaphors for some at the time.</p>
<p>Given this, it is most interesting how Spinoza responds to Leibniz's Notitia and letter. He takes up, not in the least, the invitation of an optical-political conflation, but simply asks for a clarification how Leibniz conceives of spherical aberration, and thus how his Pandochal lenses might allow an aperature any size. And, then a month later offers to send Leibniz a copy of the <em>Theologico-Political Treatise</em>, if he had not read it.</p>
<p><strong><img class="alignnone" src="http://i180.photobucket.com/albums/x247/soundandfuryandpeace/SpinozatoLeibniz.jpg" alt="" width="461" height="187" /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Spinoza's Refusal</strong></p>
<p>Whether this separation out of the questions of optics from the questions of politics by Spinoza represents extreme circumspection on his part, or a genuine difference in concept that Leibniz understand, we cannot say with certainty. It makes since that at this time Spinoza must be very sure of the motives of all who respond to his TTP, as his friend Koerbagh has only recently died in prison over published texts (August . But I suspect that optical theory does not represent for Spinoza what it does for Leibniz. It does not hold "secrets" which will put all of man into much more rational communication. I suspect that this is because Spinoza's path to freedom is quiet divorced from metaphors of light, pictures or imagery, and that he viewed the products of observations accomplished through telescopes and microscopes with as informing, but not revealing the nature of things.</p>
<p>Leibniz's exactly timed letter and its implicit optical-political conflation makes a very good case study for Spinoza. For Spinoza would like to treat even something as fluid as human emotion as if it were the lines and planes of Euclidean geometry. His resistance to Leibniz' enthusiasm for his pandochal lens, and the rhetoric of illustrious men marching together on the rational path, marks out I think, a certain sobriety toward questions of science; or perhaps greater finesse in understanding the totality of causes at play at that very volatile crossroads in history, the full and ballasting weight of the joined, imaginary perception of the social, something not to be solved by, or even addressed by the capacities of a paricular kind of lens.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Leibniz's identity and beyond (1)]]></title>
<link>http://koopakoo.wordpress.com/?p=29</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2008 16:00:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>koopakoo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://koopakoo.pl.wordpress.com/2008/09/02/leibnizs-identity-and-beyond-1/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[We start with the following well-known identity:

Let&#8217;s give a proof of this identity:
Note th]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>We start with the following well-known identity:</p>
<p>$latex 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \dots = \frac{\pi}{4}.$</p>
<p>Let's give a proof of this identity:</p>
<p>Note that $latex \frac{1}{2n + 1} = \int_{0}^{1} x^{2n} dx,$ we may rewrite the series as:</p>
<p>$latex \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{2n + 1} = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{1} (-1)^nx^{2n} dx = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} (-x^2)^n dx.$</p>
<p>Next, we switch the order of integration and summation: [For those of you who do not know why we can do that, you will learn it later]</p>
<p>$latex \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{2n + 1} = \int_{0}^{1} \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} (-x^2)^n dx = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{1 + x^2} dx.$</p>
<p>This last integral equals: $latex \arctan{1} - \arctan{0} = \frac{\pi}{4},$ which finishes the proof.</p>
<p>Consider a similar sum:</p>
<p>$latex S = 1 - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} - \frac{1}{8} + \dots + \frac{1}{3k + 1} - \frac{1}{3k + 2} + \dots$</p>
<p>To compute the sum, we may proceed similarly as before, which yields:</p>
<p>$latex S = \int_{0}^{1} \sum_{k = 0}^{\infty} x^{3k} - x^{3k + 1} dx = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{1 - x^3} - \frac{x}{1 - x^3} dx = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{1 + x + x^2} dx.$</p>
<p>This last integral can be computed by completing squares and trigonometric substitutions. We get the sum S equals $latex S = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}(\arctan{\frac{3}{\sqrt{3}}} - \arctan{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\arctan{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{\pi}{3\sqrt{3}}.$ [The last few equalities would be excellent exercises for those students preparing for HKCEE.]</p>
<p>Hm...notice that mysterious number $latex \pi$ shows up again... one might wonder, does $latex \pi$ shows up ALL the time?  The answer is no, because we have the following:</p>
<p>$latex S_2 = 1 - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{4} + \dots = \log{2}.$ [Note that this is the natural log, i.e. log base e.]</p>
<p>The nest question would be, why does $latex \pi$ show up, and why?</p>
<p>The problem turns out to be ultimately related to number theory via something called the Dirichlet's L-function, and we shall talk about it more in a later post.</p>
<p>Exercise: Prove that $latex S_2 = \log{2}.$</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Una perspectiva cibernética ante los nuevos usos de la lectura]]></title>
<link>http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/?p=248</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2008 15:53:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lluisvilasori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tecnologiasliterarias.pl.wordpress.com/2008/08/28/una-perspectiva-cibernetica-ante-los-nuevos-usos-de-la-lectura-2/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Estudios como el realizado por el equipo de Jon Martin Sundet de la universidad de Oslo, The end of ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="justify">Estudios como el realizado por el equipo de Jon Martin Sundet de la universidad de Oslo, <em><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&#38;_udi=B6W4M-4D45TJ5-2&#38;_user=10&#38;_rdoc=1&#38;_fmt=&#38;_orig=search&#38;_sort=d&#38;view=c&#38;_version=1&#38;_urlVersion=0&#38;_userid=10&#38;md5=4d0208ffe8791a037116fe5fa217c7d5">The end of the Flynn effect? A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century</a></em><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&#38;_udi=B6W4M-4D45TJ5-2&#38;_user=10&#38;_rdoc=1&#38;_fmt=&#38;_orig=search&#38;_sort=d&#38;view=c&#38;_version=1&#38;_urlVersion=0&#38;_userid=10&#38;md5=4d0208ffe8791a037116fe5fa217c7d5"> </a>(2004), sobre la evolución del IQ en distintas áreas de la inteligencia, así como el perfectamente complementario, dirigido por Thierry Morineau en la universidad de Southern Brittany, <em><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&#38;_udi=B6WGR-4F2R60D-1&#38;_user=10&#38;_rdoc=1&#38;_fmt=&#38;_orig=search&#38;_sort=d&#38;view=c&#38;_acct=C000050221&#38;_version=1&#38;_urlVersion=0&#38;_userid=10&#38;md5=b30c4304e345b9e9af5f20fa473d5509">The emergence of the contextual role of the e-book in cognitive processes through an ecological and functional analysis</a></em>, (2004) que compara los procesos de lectura en papel y en formato digital, ponen de relieve un fenómeno histórico y sin precedentes en la relación del ser humano con los sistemas de codificación y recepción del código lingüístico.</p>
<p align="justify">El primero revela la coincidencia cronológica, a partir de la década de los setenta, entre el acceso generalizado a los medios de comunicación audiovisuales y los videojuegos, con un distanciamiento histórico de la línea asociada a la inteligencia de figuras (inteligencia “fluida”) la cual experimenta un considerable ascenso, respecto a la línea correspondiente al área de la inteligencia relacionada con la comprensión lingüística que queda prácticamente estancada. Desde mediados de los cincuenta hasta dos mil dos, se pasa un test de inteligencia a los jóvenes varones noruegos de entre 18 y 20 años al comienzo de su servicio militar obligatorio. Este test se divide en tres áreas: aritmética, palabras semejantes y figuras. Durante los primeros quince años (desde el 54 al 69) se observa un espectacular aumento de las puntuaciones en todas las áreas de la inteligencia estudiadas. Este fenómeno encuentra su explicación en las mejoras de calidad de vida y nutrición de que disfrutó la sociedad noruega durante estos años así como en la mejora general de las puntuaciones por debajo de la media, debido al aumento considerable de población escolarizada.<br />
A partir del año 70 se observa un curioso descenso en el área de la aritmética, que ya nunca alcanzará el record obtenido en el año 68. T. Rist, argumenta en 1982 que este descenso puede estar provocado por un cambio en el programa educativo noruego que privilegió el estudio del álgebra en detrimento de la aritmética. Pero  el artículo advierte que este cambio del programa duró “pocos años” mientras que las puntuaciones nunca se recuperaron del todo. El área de las palabras semejantes no desciende drásticamente pero se estanca durante los años ochenta y noventa coincidiendo con un aumento espectacular en la puntuación obtenida en el área de las figuras. Es probable que el acceso generalizado a los medios de comunicación audiovisuales y los videojuegos se encuentre detrás de estos resultados, pero los autores se muestran prudentes ante estas conclusiones a falta de un estudio más específico en este campo. Finalmente, en los últimos años se ha observado un descenso pronunciado en las puntuaciones de área aritmética y una oscilación a la baja en la de palabras semejantes, mientras que la puntuación en figuras experimenta cierta estabilidad, la cual puede deberse en parte a un interesante “efecto techo”.<br />
En la gráfica extraída del estudio noruego se observa claramente esta dispersión progresiva de las tres áreas del conocimiento:</p>
<p align="justify"><a href="http://tecnologiasliterarias.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/grafica-sundet1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-22" src="http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/grafica-sundet1.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="192" /></a></p>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">El segundo estudio mencionado, dirigido por Thierry Morineau, concluye desmintiendo algunas de las creencias generalizadas que exageraban la diferencia entre la lectura en papel y la lectura en formato digital, pero detecta un cierto obstáculo para la memoria semántica en los documentos en pantalla, relacionado, sin lugar a dudas, con la experiencia motor-sensitiva mucho más dispersa, multifuncional y favorable a la distracción en los documentos digitales.<br />
En este mismo sentido, cabe destacar, como hace Juan B. Gutiérrez en su artículo "<a href="http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847182913-sample.pdf">The boundaries of digital narrative. A functional analysis"</a>, (2007), un estudio dirigido por el National Endowments for the Arts (NEA, 2004), titulado <em>Reading At Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America,</em> el cual desvela una caída en los niveles de lectura de narrativa impresa en todos los grupos estudiados entre 1982 y 2002. El informe muestra una aceleración del 10% en el descenso de lectores de libros impresos, pero menciona también un incremento del 30% en el número de personas que ejercitaron la escritura creativa en el mismo periodo. La aparición y el uso generalizado de Internet tiene, necesariamente, que estar detrás de estas cifras aparentemente contradictorias, ya que  el grupo demográfico con mayor tasa de lectura es también el grupo que más uso hace de la Red. La explicación más probable es que nos encontremos en medio de un cambio del medio impreso al digital, en el que la gente comienza a usar este último para leerlo todo, desde noticias hasta ficción, e incluso para escribir. El problema es que todavía no tenemos mecanismos para mesurar esa audiencia dispersa de lectores en Internet, sus hábitos, sus recorridos o su acervo literario.<br />
Si hay algo que estos estudios tomados en conjunto certifican, es la influencia crucial que el tipo de soporte y la multiplicación de medios, ejercen en el proceso de recepción semántica de un documento, tanto en el plano individual como en los hábitos de masas. Es decir, ponen el acento en la relación receptor/artefacto textual, o bien, entre humano/máquina.</p>
[caption id="attachment_24" align="aligncenter" width="270" caption="Ojo cibernético"]<a href="http://tecnologiasliterarias.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/ojobionico.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-24" src="http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/ojobionico.jpg" alt="Ojo cibernético" width="270" height="203" /></a>[/caption]
<p align="justify">En el libro <em><a href="http://www.hf.uib.no/cybertext/default.html">Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature</a></em>, (1997) Espen Aarseth recupera el término que en 1948 acuñó Norbert Wiener: “cybernetics” (en <em>Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine</em>), para describir la ciencia de transmisión de mensajes entre humanos y máquinas. La perspectiva de Winer incluye tanto sistemas orgánicos como inorgánicos, es decir, cualquier sistema que  incluya un “loop” de retroalimentación. Aarseth, considera el texto un artefacto presentado siempre en un dispositivo mecánico que ofrece herramientas, pero también resistencia, para su consumo. Recuperando hábilmente nociones clave de la teoría literaria como el concepto de texto barthiano o la estética de la recepción, plantea la negociación del lector con el texto en términos mecánicos: el texto ofrece una  información de salida (output) que el usuario decodifica introduciendo sus propias inferencias (input) que se verán ratificadas, o no, de nuevo por la información de salida. Es decir el lector se conduce mediante “ciclos de retroalimentación”, o, si se quiere (recuperando la feliz metáfora de Norbert Wiener), de la misma manera que el timonel enderezaba el navío griego hacia la luz del faro.</p>
[caption id="attachment_25" align="alignleft" width="210" caption="Kybernetes era el nombre con el que los griegos denominaban al timonel de un barco"]<a href="http://tecnologiasliterarias.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/kybernetes.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-25" src="http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kybernetes.jpg" alt="Kybernetes era el nombre con el que los griegos denominaban al timonel de un barco" width="210" height="173" /></a>[/caption]
<p align="justify">El término “cibertexto” no pretende, por tanto, definir un tipo concreto de textualidad electrónica, como un subtipo de hipertexto, sino que pretende inaugurar un modelo de acercamiento al texto basado en las diferentes maneras en las que el lector es invitado a completarlo y en las estrategias de auto-manipulación que el propio texto desarrolla. Una perspectiva ciertamente muy apropiada para una época en la que la experiencia motor-sensitiva del receptor con la máquina textual está mostrando evidentes mutaciones en los hábitos y aptitudes para la recepción de documentos. No en vano, asistimos a la mayor multiplicidad de medios y soportes para la codificación de documentos de toda la historia de la escritura.</p>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
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[caption id="attachment_29" align="alignright" width="300" caption="La magnífica serie &#34;Gost in the shell&#34; de Masamune Shirow lleva al límite la temática del &#34;ciborg&#34;"]<a href="http://tecnologiasliterarias.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/ghost-in-the-shell.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-29" src="http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/ghost-in-the-shell.jpg?w=300" alt="La magnifica serie &#34;Ghost in the shell&#34; de Masamune Shirow, lleva al limite la temática del &#34;ciborg&#34; como ser humano repleto de implantes tecnológicos" width="300" height="240" /></a>[/caption]
<p align="justify">Este nuevo contexto no solo exige una reconfiguración del concepto texto sino también de las nociones de texto literario y crítica literaria, tan arraigadas históricamente a la tecnología del libro, si es que queremos abarcar con ellas significativamente la compleja realidad actual. Y dado que la situación tecnológica afecta en general a todos los modos de representación, dicha reconfiguración habría de adaptarse al nuevo concepto de arte en general.</p>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">Como dijo Borges que dijo Bacon que dijo Salomón: “There is no new thing upon the Earth” (1996, 533), de manera que no podemos pretender patrimonio de la modernidad esta perspectiva textual basada en la relación hombre-máquina. Curiosamente, el ejemplo más antiguo que suele citarse de este tipo de textualidad en la que el soporte implica un mecanismo trascendente en la formación de significado es el I Ching, un texto oracular chino del que se conservan escritos datados alrededor del año 1122 a. c. (Aarseth, 1997, 2). Es curioso porque, a parte de constituir un clarísimo ejemplo de lo que E. Aarseth denomina “literatura ergódica”, con un sistema de generación de significado no lineal, fue también el texto que inspiró en el siglo XVII a Leibniz para redactar la <em>Explication de l’Arithmétique Binaire</em>,  primera documentación exhaustiva del sistema binario, base de la tecnología digital, que es el principal causante de la crisis epistemológica en el siglo XXI (1997, 7).</p>
[caption id="attachment_30" align="alignleft" width="248" caption="I ching 1122 a.c."]<a href="http://tecnologiasliterarias.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/kingwenarrangement.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-30" src="http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/kingwenarrangement.jpg" alt="I Ching" width="248" height="249" /></a>[/caption]
<p align="justify">Pero tenemos ejemplos más cercanos y no carentes de gran elocuencia. En 1920, Tristan Tzara propuso un procedimiento de escritura basado en la utilización inédita del soporte impreso en Pour faire un poèm dadïste. Cierto que su intención era quizás más del orden de lo sarcástico que del compromiso intelectual con el estudio de los formatos de representación, pero cabe también señalar que el collage literario, pictórico o de cualquier tipo (considerado por Peter Bürger la muestra más patente y emblemática del desafío vanguardista a la Historia del Arte universal [1987]) no es sino un intento de trascender las limitaciones físicas de un soporte dado.</p>
[caption id="attachment_34" align="alignright" width="284" caption="poeme dada"]<a href="http://tecnologiasliterarias.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/poeme-dada.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-34" src="http://tecnologiasliterarias.wordpress.com/files/2008/08/poeme-dada.jpg" alt="" width="284" height="350" /></a>[/caption]
<p align="justify">Posiblemente el antecedente más profundo y riguroso de análisis basado en la influencia del soporte en los sistemas de representación, lo cual equivale a decir desde una perspectiva cibernética, sea el famoso artículo de 1936 <a href="http://diegolevis.com.ar/secciones/Infoteca/benjamin.pdf"><em>La obra de arte en la época de su reproductividad técnica</em></a> de Walter Benjamin. En él, se problematiza las consecuencias que las tecnologías de reproducción y sus distintos formatos de presentación implican en el “estatus” artístico de una obra y se anticipa así la incorporación del estudio del formato y el modo de producción en el análisis  de las obras de arte . Pero la profundidad del análisis de W. Benjamin va más allá de la descripción superficial de un hecho consumado, como es el triunfo definitivo de la fotografía, para articular un discurso de declarada inspiración marxista sobre la función política del arte (Compás, 2006).<br />
Aarseth advierte de la cautela con la que se deben tomar algunas conclusiones excesivamente entusiastas respecto al papel que las nuevas tecnologías juegan en el desarrollo político y social, y viceversa. Algunos estudios insisten en presentar las innovaciones técnicas como causantes de una supuesta liberación política e intelectual, gracias a la cual habríamos conseguido superar históricamente el viejo y represivo medio impreso. Lo cierto es que no debemos caer en el determinismo tecnológico según el cual la tecnología sería un sistema autónomo capaz de producir por sí solo cambios sociales (Aarseth, 1997, 2). Pero incurriríamos en un tremendo error por ceguera si sólo nos detuviéramos a analizar las consecuencias artísticas de la tecnología digital, sin atender las inopinadas posibilidades de intervención política y social que proporcionan las actuales tecnologías de comunicación, así como el sustrato ideológico en el que se fraguaron.<br />
En este sentido es de consulta obligada el pródigo capítulo sexto del libro de Joan Compàs <em>L’art en la pantalla. La creació digital a Internet</em>, dedicado al “compromís polític a la xarxa: de l’activisme artístic al hacktivisme” (Compás, 2006, 47). En él se da un repaso histórico de la figura del hacker, tan determinante para el avance decisivo de la tecnología informática, situando su origen en el ambiente estudiantil y de izquierdas de finales de los sesenta y siguiéndole la pista en relación con los movimientos artísticos de marcado activismo social, dando cuenta de las numerosas confluencias que el arte y el movimiento hacker han tendido ora en su forma de representación, ora en los contenidos socio-políticos de sus acciones.<br />
En el estudio de las obras que vamos a presentar hemos creído en la conveniencia de un tipo de análisis cibertextual que incluya una reflexión autoconsciente de la plataforma tecnológica en la que se produce la obra artística, y la consideración, política y socialmente relevante, de la utilización de determinadas tecnologías de comunicación en el proceso de producción y distribución de dicha obra artística.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Quote No.6]]></title>
<link>http://madamsaga.wordpress.com/?p=81</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2008 03:55:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>palomanat</dc:creator>
<guid>http://madamsaga.pl.wordpress.com/2008/08/26/quote-no6/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[“Hay una cosa más importante que los más bellos descubrimientos, es el conocimiento del método ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>“Hay una cosa más importante que los más bellos descubrimientos, es el conocimiento del método por el que éstos se hicieron”</p>
<p>- <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a></p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[god is a programmer]]></title>
<link>http://thefutureishistory.wordpress.com/?p=96</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 09:52:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>thefutureishistory</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thefutureishistory.pl.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/god-is-a-programmer/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Gregory Chaitin is een ongemeen boeiende wiskundige, een grote fan van Gottfried Leibniz en werkneme]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~chaitin/" target="_blank">Gregory Chaitin</a> is een ongemeen boeiende wiskundige, een grote fan van <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz" target="_blank">Gottfried Leibniz</a> en werknemer van <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" target="_blank">IBM</a>. Hij is de uitvinder van het duistere getal <a href="http://www.plus.maths.org.uk/issue37/features/omega/index.html" target="_blank">Omega</a>, een definieerbaar maar onberekenbaar getal, zo oneindig complex dat geen enkele wiskundige theorie het ooit kan uitleggen.</p>
<p>Zijn theo