Mitt ben blir långsamt bättre. Starkare, snabbare och rörligare för varje dag, vecka och månad. Om detta beror på att jag mer eller mindre tränar varje dag är svårt att svara på då det lika väl kan vara kroppens naturliga läkningsprocess av nervens skadade delar. Men visst känns det som om man gör stora framsteg med plyometrics eller med den träningstortyr jag utsätter vaden för (Att tvinga en vad), men som sagt, det är svårt att bevisa att just DET gör skillnad. Men å andra sidan har jag ingenting att förlora, bara att vinna då kroppen naturligtvis mår bra av att röra sig på nya och annorlunda sätt. Bara en soffliggare kan ifrågasätta detta eller hävda motsatsen. Det är ju inte helt ovanligt att de som klagar på  att andra tränar för mycket, dagligen har ångest över sitt eget kroppsliga och själsliga förfall.

Benet är en sak, ett resultat av att innehållet i disken mellan L5 och S1 rann ut och förstörde nervbanor till vadmuskulatur och baksidan lår. Den återkommande ländryggsproblematiken en annan, även om de både har med varandra att göra. Ländryggens stelhet på morgonen och lynniga humör resten av dagen år efter år kan knäcka vem som helst. Själva ländryggen var under hösten förvånansvärt bra men gjorde en comeback under våren. Vad detta berodde på är omöjligt att svara på men det enda beteende som jag kan härleda till ländryggen är stillasittande utan träning, men inte i alla fall. Dock är det inte i närheten av de problem jag hade innan själva diskbråcket förra året, nu är det mest en stelhet och ömmande utan smärta.

De huvudsakliga träningsmetoderna för att vinna denna kamp mot ländryggen har varit stretching, ashtanga yoga, balansboll och kettlebellsträning. Kroppen måste börja jobba mer självständigt, helt enkelt. Kroppen har 640 olika skelettmuskler och ibland undrar man om ens tio procent av dessa tränas i ett traditionellt gym där musklerna tränas isolerat och oflexibelt för att vi överhuvudtaget skall orka med ett träningspass. Kroppens muskler är utformade genom evolutionens evinnerliga skapande för att samspela tillsammans, det moderna samhället har fråntagit kroppen denna verklighet och då funkar den inte längre så som den är skapad att fungera. Möjligtvis fixar evolutionen till detta under några tiotusen år från och med nu, och kanske växer till exempel kotorna L4, L5 och S1 ihop genom det naturliga urvalet, men vem har tid att vänta på det?

När man läser en del om kettlebellsträning, som jag gör, dyker det ibland upp att det är bra för ryggen. Kettlebellsträning (som jag framförallt har beskrivit i Om diskbråck och träning - del 2) är bra för ryggen, speciellt vid dess unika grundövningar som swing, snatch och clean (sving, ryck och frivändning) vilka kräver stort engagemang av höft och bålens muskulatur som få andra träningsformer gör. Höften är kroppens medelpunkt, förbindelsen mellan underkropp och överkropp, där alla stora muskler sammanlänkar. Höften används nästan alltid i alla typer av kroppsrörelser men tränas sällan. I just svingen vid kettlebellsträning, ligger stort fokus på höften. När man tränar med kettlebell med en arm tränar man dessutom unilateralt (träning med belastning bara på ena sidan av kroppen) vilket stimulerar de bålstabiliserande musklerna (vilket jag skrivit mer om i Om diskbråck och träning - del 2).

I en artikel på Dragondoor av fysioterapeuten Steve McNamara beskrivs de vetenskapliga rön där man kommit fram till hur de djupa bålstabiliserande musklerna fungerar vid ländryggsproblematik. Artikeln tar framförallt sikte på lite speciella kettlebellsövningar, Jeff Martone’s H2H-övningar (hand-to-hand) där man jonglerar kettlebellen runt kroppen, men Steve McNamara hyllar även kettlebellsträning generellt för att stärka de bålstabiliserande musklerna och plockar fram vetenskapliga bevis som skulle kunna stödja detta.

Att träna samtidigt som man balanserar på ett ostabilt underlag är ultimat när vi har som syfte att träna de bålstabiliserande musklerna, som t.ex. en Bosu eller en Reebok Core board. Att köra med kettlebells på en uppochnedvänd Bosu tränar samtidigt balans, koordination, uthållighet, styrka, ja allt som kroppen är skapad för. När man går till gymmet och ser folk istället sitta i sina maskiner vill man egentligen bara gråta.

Även en balansboll kommer väl till pass vid bålstabilitetsträning. På www.balansboll.nu finns en mängd olika övningar. En punkteringssäker balansboll kostar några hundralappar och är en billig investering för kroppen. Har man tillgång till hantlar kan man t.ex. köra flyes eller hantelpress liggande på balansbollen. Plötsligt måste man spänna hela kroppen och sänka vikten betydligt på hantlarna för att klara av att pressa upp dem nu när man inte isolerar bröstmusklerna med fast och stabil bänk.

Stretching är viktigt. Vid ländryggsproblematik skall man fokusera på höftböjarmuskeln, hamstring och gluteus. En bra bok i ämnet är Stora stretchboken av Kristian Berg som tar upp allt man behöver veta om stretching. Han börjar boken med; ”Det finns två kategorier av människor. De som har ont ryggen och de som kommer att få ont i ryggen.” och jämför nödvändigheten att stretcha med att borsta tänderna vilket inte är livsnödvändigt men där man får en hel del problem i framtiden om man låter bli. Kristian Berg beskriver metodiskt och pedagogiskt hur stretching motverkar problematiken kring förkortade muskler och triggerpunkter.

Under de senaste åren har jag haft ett tilltagande problem med vänster sida av nacken. Saken eskalerade under hösten då min vänsterarm började krångla (skakningar och domningar). Min sjukgymnast på IFK-kliniken lät mig göra några tester med nackrörelser för att se om det var kotrelaterat men det verkade sitta längre ned mot övre kappmuskeln där jag hade ont. Jag noterade ganska tidigt att jag var som stelast på morgonen men då detta var ett vanligt förekommande problem för hela kroppen, speciellt ländryggen, drog jag felaktigt slutsatsen att det hade att göra med kroppens allmänna tillstånd. Det var först när jag också noterade att jag nästan alltid vaknade på magen med huvudet vridet 90 grader till vänster som jag började fundera på om det var nåt annat som inte stämde. Normalt brukar jag sova med en dunkudde som oftast blir ordentligt platt och inte ger det stöd en kudde bör ge och när jag började experimentera med två kuddar märkte jag att nacken var bättre nästa morgon, OM jag inte hade skickat iväg bägge kuddarna på golvet vill säga och låg som brukligt på magen.

För några veckor sedan gick jag och köpte en Tempur sovkudde som jag sneglat på ett tag  Vips efter första natten sov jag på sidan eller ryggen hela natten (en tempurkudde är inte lika lätt att flytta i sömnen så att man kan ligga på magen) och nackproblemet är nu som bortblåst. Det underliga i den här historien är att stelheten i ländryggen inte är lika påtagligt längre. Uppenbarligen mår inte ländryggen bra av att pressas i ett svankläge som när man ligger på magen under en hel natt. Helst skulle man vilja införskaffa en Tempur bäddmadrass men det får vänta.

Av alla söktermer som gör att man hamnar på denna blogg är det just ’diskbråck’ som är det absolut vanligaste, utan konkurrens, och oftast i kombination med ’träning’ eller ’övning’. De fem delarna om diskbråck och träning jag skrivit toppar de mest lästa inlägg på bloggen, även de utan konkurrens. Att folk har problem med ryggen är ju ingen nyhet men förmodligen är många villrådiga och vet inte vad de skall göra och söker desperat efter hjälp på nätet. Jag hoppas att dessa inlägg kan ge inspiration eller ge ett eller annat svar på de helvetes kval många genomlider med sina ryggar och nackar.

Tack för ordet denna gång.

Läs även andra bloggares åsikter om diskbråck, ländrygg, ont i rygg, träna, övning, stretcha, kettlebell, yoga, ashtanga, balansboll, plyometrics, sprint, dragondoor, tempur, nacke, stelhet, nervskada, l4, l5, s1

Большой размер современных операционных систем означает, что ни один человек не может понимать систему целиком, в результате чего управление системой становится очень трудным делом. Но то же можно сказать, например, и про авианосец. Ни один отдельный человек не знает, как работает авианосец, но все его подсистемы хорошо изолированы. Проблема засоренного туалета не влияет на подсистему запуска ракет. У операционных систем отсутствует подобная изоляция компонентов. Современная операционная система содержит сотни и тысячи связанных вместе процедур, которые образуют единую бинарную программу, выполняемую в ядре. Каждая из миллионов строк кода ядра имеет возможность записи в ключевые структуры данных, используемые несвязанным с ней компонентом, что может привести к краху системы. [см.: «Эндрю Таненбаума, Джоррита Хердера и Херберта Боса "Можем ли мы сделать операционные системы надежными и безопасными»]

Windows NT:
MS Windows 7 Milestone является развитием ОС MS Windows NT. 1-я коммерческая версия Windows NT была выпущена 27 июля 1993 (скоро исполняется 15 лет). Версия сразу вышла под номером 3.1 только из-за того что к изначальному ядру ОС NT были добавлены Windows API, включая оконный интерфейс от среды MS Windows 3.1 [см.: Microsoft Windows - Материал из Википедии]
"Разработка Windows NT, начатая в ноябре 1988 г. под рабочим названием NT OS/2, велась параллельно с разработкой фирмой IBM собственной ОС, OS/2 2.0, которая окончательно вышла только в апреле 1992 г. Одновременно с этим фирма Майкрософт продолжала разрабатывать свои ОС семейства DOS и Windows, отличающиеся меньшими требованиями к ресурсам компьютера, чем IBM OS/2. После того, как была выпущена Windows 3.0 в мае 1990, Microsoft решила добавить в NT OS/2 программный интерфейс (API), совместимый с Windows API. Это решение вызвало серьёзные трения между фирмами Майкрософт и IBM, которые закончилась разрывом совместной работы. IBM стала продолжать разработку OS/2 в одиночку, а Майкрософт стала работать над системой, которая была в итоге выпущена под названием Windows NT. Хотя эта система не принесла немедленной популярности подобно DOS или Windows, Windows NT оказалась существенно более успешной, чем OS/2.
Интересно заметить, что в качестве программных интерфейсов ОС NT изначально планировались API OS/2, и затем POSIX — поддержка Windows API была добавлена в последнюю очередь. Кроме того, в качестве аппаратной платформы для NT изначально планировались Intel i860, и затем MIPS — точно так же, поддержка Intel x86 была добавлена позднее..." [см.: Windows NT - Материал из Википедии]
То, что сегодня называется Windows Vista, это NT до ужаса обвешенная всякими библиотеками API и интерфейсами придуманными в Microsoft. По информации MS в ОС Windows 2000 содержится 35 – 60 миллионов строк кода, а в Windows XP более 45 миллионов строк кода, который постоянно дорабатывается и модернизируется. Исходный код написан на языках программирования ассемблер, С и С++. Даже в самой Microsoft не совсем точно понимают, что же они разработали. Разбираться в коде очень и очень сложно. Скорее всего Microsoft Windows во всех своих версиях содержит уязвимость, которую исправить невозможно (по мнению некоторых сторонних исследователей в разных версиях подобные Абсолютные Ошибки разные). Лечить её примерно то же самое, как заделывать дыру в середине фундамента, на котором уже стоит многоэтажный дом. Безусловно Microsoft прекрасно осведомлены насчёт наличия Абсолютной ошибки, но не считают её уязвимостью.

Выходом из сложившегося тупика являются Микроядерные ОС, которые могут обрести новую жизнь благодаря потенциальной возможности обеспечивать более высокую надежность:
Надежность Микроядрных ОС происходит из разных источников. Во-первых, размер кода, выполняемого в ядре, составляет около 4000 строк, и общее число ошибок - всего около 24. Небольшой размер ядра позволяет верифицировать его код вручную или на основе формальных методов. Особенности IPC позволяют избежать потребности управления буферами в ядре. Кроме того, для каждого процесса ограничены доступные примитивы IPC, включая адреса назначения и события, о которых происходит уведомление. Например, пользовательские процессы могут использовать только принцип рандеву и посылать сообщения только Posix-серверам. В дополнение к этому, все структуры ядра являются статическими. Все эти свойства значительно упрощают код и устраняют ошибки в ядре, связанные с переполнением буферов, "утечку памяти" (memory leak), несвоевременные прерывания и т.д. Конечно, перемещение большей части операционной системы в процессы, выполняемые в режиме пользователя, не устраняют неизбежные ошибки в драйверах и серверах, но это ограничивает их воздействие на систему в целом. Ошибочный код в ядре может испортить критичные структуры данных, записать на диск ненужные данные и т.д.; ошибочный же код в большинстве драйверов и серверов не может принести такого вреда, поскольку эти процессы строго разделены и очень ограничены в своих возможностях.
Еще одной особенностью, повышающей надежность, является использование раздельных пространств команд и данных. Даже если ошибочный код или вирус вызовут переполнение буфера и поместят чужой код в пространство данных, этот код будет невозможно выполнить путем перехода на него, поскольку ядро не запустит код, не находящийся в пространстве команд процесса (доступном только по чтению).
Среди других особенностей, способствующих повышению надежности, наиболее важным является свойство самовосстановления. Если драйвер производит запись по неверному указателю, впадает в бесконечный цикл или дурно ведет себя каким-либо другим образом, то сервер реинкарнации автоматически заменит его, часто без влияния на другие процессы.

MS Singularity:
Цитата Эндрю С. Таненбаума: «…Microsoft тоже интересуется микроядрами. Она как никто другой отчётливо понимает все проблемы сопровождения монолитных ядер. Windows NT 3.1 была нерешительной попыткой создания микроядерной системы, однако попытка эта была реализована не совсем корректно. Да и производительность ОС на оборудовании начала 90х годов также была недостаточно хороша, поэтому Microsoft на время отказалась от этой идеи. Но недавно Microsoft попыталась сделать это снова, но уже на новом оборудовании, что привело к появлению ОС Singularity. Сегодня, как я вижу, многие полагают, что если Microsoft делала это, то она явно сошла с ума. Но руководившие проектом Singularity Гален Хант (Galen Hunt) и Джим Ларус (Jim Larus) – очень умные ребята и они-то как раз хорошо понимают, какую мешанину на самом деле представляет собой ОС Windows и насколько компании Microsoft необходим совершенно новый подход для её дальнейшего развития. Даже работающие над Vista люди видят, что у них имеются серьёзные проблемы. Поэтому-то они и переносят драйверы в пространство пользователя, то есть делают именно то, что я и рекомендую.» [см.: «Вторая часть "Марлезонского балета". Дискуссия Таненбаума и Торвальдса: часть II»]
Проект Singularity разработанный в в Microsoft Research предлагает наиболее радикальный подход к разработке надежной ОС построенной на микроядре. Но к Singularity никак не возможно прикрутить Windows API и не возможно перенести Soft написанный под Windows API на эту систему, так что этот теоретический по своему уникальный проект никак не сможет помочь рядовым пользователям MS Windows:( [ см.: «Эндрю Таненбаума, Джоррита Хердера и Херберта Боса "Можем ли мы сделать операционные системы надежными и безопасными»]

Микроядро L4:
L4 построено таким образом, что на его базе можно построить практически любой API. Оно абстрагируется от конкретных алгоритмов управления памяти и прочих стратегий, но предоставляет механизмы для реализации их (стратегий) в произвольном виде. Также оно поддерживает много аппаратных платформ, имеет поддержку многопроцессорности (SMP) в ядре. Поддерживаются драйверы в user space и запуск одновременно нескольких ОС на одном микроядре. Кроме того, поддерживается создание как ОС реального времени, так и обычных ОС с разделением времени; как ОС для embedded применений, так и desktop OS; можно реализовать различные стратегии планировщика процессов (и управления памятью).
Если сравнивать Mach и L4, то микроядро Mach было очень громоздким, у него было больше сотни системных вызовов, оно содержало в себе порядка 100000 строк кода, занимало около 500 Кбайт на диске. L4 же на 1-2 порядка компактнее. Оригинальная реализация L4 содержала всего 7 системных вызовов, сложность его была порядка 10000 строк кода, на диске оно занимает примерно 100 К (формат ELF, платформа Intel; данные для L4Ka::Pistachio), а вот в памяти оно занимает всего 12 Кбайт! (По другим данным — 32 Кбайт, это зависит от версии ядра). Поэтому L4 также часто называют наноядром (nanokernel), поскольку его размер на 1-2 порядка меньше классического микроядра.
NICTA - Национального исследовательского центра информационно-коммуникационных технологий, который занимается развитием ядра L4, создал коммерческую компанию под названием Open Kernel Labs (OK Labs), для продвижения на рынке решений (в основном, встраиваемых) на базе L4. OK Labs разрабатывает собственную коммерческую реализацию NICTA::Pistachio- embedded, вместе с Wombat и Iguana. Эта собственная версия L4, Wombat и Iguana носит название OKL4. "Коммерческость" OKL4 не отменяет свободности ее лицензии. OKL4 лицензируется под BSD лицензией и ее исходники открыты. OK Labs обещает примерно к середине 2009 года выпустить первое микроядро с математически доказанным отсутствием ошибок (formally-proven bug-free microkernel)!

Apple MacOS X:
В NICTA кроме проектов Kenge/Iguana/Wombat, существует проект под названием Darbat, или L4/Darwin. Это ни что иное как порт ядра Darwin, на котором основана MacOS X, на микроядро L4. Darbat пытается улучшить производительность Darwin за счет использования IPC L4, которое намного более производительное, чем IPC микроядра Mach, на котором основан Darwin. Также Darbat содержит порт IOKit на L4, который стремится получить выгоду от использования user-level драйверов (в Darwin многие драйвера работают в режиме ядра, а в Darbat они выносятся в userlevel). Одной из целей является поддержка немодифицированных драйверов Darwin в userspace. Darbat не стремится полностью удалить Mach из Darwin, а взамен этого получить версию MacOS X, почти без изменений работающую под L4, и использующую выгоды, которые дает L4 по сравнению с Mach.
Цитата Эндрю С. Таненбаума: «Mac OS X также является разновидностью микроядерной ОС. Изнутри она представляет собой Berkeley UNIX, функционирующий поверх модифицированной версии микроядра Mach. Однако, поскольку всё это запускается в режиме ядра (для того, чтобы выбрать всю возможную производительность), Mac OS X не является истинно микроядерной. Тем не менее, поскольку Университет Карнеги-Меллона (Carnegie Mellon University) уже много лет назад запускал Berkeley UNIX в пространстве пользователя поверх микроядра Mach, то это, вероятно, могло бы быть сделано снова, хотя и с небольшой потерей производительности, как в случае с L4Linux. В частности, существует проект Darbat по портированию кода Apple BSD (Darwin) на L4 с тем, чтобы сделать её истинно микроядерной ОС.» [см.: «Вторая часть "Марлезонского балета". Дискуссия Таненбаума и Торвальдса: часть II»]
Говорят, что в Apple параллельно с текущей системой-наследником Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, ведется разработка, новой системы "большого скачка". Возможно именно о ней, Джобс упомянул в интервью в 2007 году, по случаю официального выпуска "Леопарда". В ней, судя по тщательности зачистки "Снежного барса", будут уже "открытия". И не простые открытия, а весьма серьезные. Учитывая одержимость Apple простотой и элегантностью решений, логично было бы предположить, что новая система (Apple OS X 11, или еще какая-нибудь), в своей основе будет построена на уникальном Микроядро L4, и будет использоваться на всей, без исключения, продукции Apple. От смартфонов iPhone до серверов. Это достаточно красиво, чтобы могло прийти в голову Стива Джобса. А превращать сумасшедшие мысли в изделия, которые имеют сумасшедший успех, у Джобса обычно получается. [см.: «Возможно, следующей будет Mac OS 10.6 "Snow Leopard"»]
И если это случиться, то Apple OS X 11 будет иметь непревзойденную надежность и универсальность!

И вывод напрашивается сам собой у MS Windows нет будущего. При современном подходе в Microsoft к разработке ОС, будущая MS Windows 7 к сожалению так и останется с 10-ми тысяч багов и с раздраженными пользователями. И я бы ни за что не стал разрабатывая большие и требующие надежности программные проекты, выбирать за базовую ОС творение компании Microsoft:(

© zboris

Sylwia

• Wydaje mi się, że wystarczy zwykłe zaświadczenie lekarskie stwierdzające okres niezdolności do pracy. Wypisywałem takie cudzoziemcom - w języku polskim.
• W moim gabinecie jest możliwe wypisanie zwolnienia w języku angielskim, co zmniejsza koszt tłumacza przysięgłego.

Untuk saat ini gua mo sharing satu contoh soal aja, sisanya USAHA DONK, hehe... Btw, beberapa waktu yang lalu, gua pernah diskusi ngawur soal ujian PBJ ama teman. Kita sempat heran napa ya kok setiap hasil ujian PBJ selalu gak begitu banyak yang lulus, kalo toh banyak yang lulus, paling-paling L2 en sedikit yang L4. Trus akhirnya kita sempat buat kesimpulan ancur. Intinya, ada tiga kemungkinan kenapa kok gak banyak yang lulus PBJ. Pertama, emang soalnya sulit melilit. Yang kedua, emang dasar yang pada ikut bimtek PBJ pada pengen gak lulus. Yang ketiga, Bappenas emang sengaja ngelulusin dikit-dikit. Konon kabarnya kalo lulus L4 semua kan gak ada proyek ujian PBJ lagi, HAHAHA...

Yang jelas kesimpulan nomer tiga emang ngawur pol. Tapi, kalo dipikir-pikir pake teori konstipasi, eh, konspirasi ya bisa jadi emang beneran...maksudnya beneran ngawurnya, hehehe...

NB: Buat yang sudah ngebet ama soal-soal ujian PBJ, silakan dicolok di sini.

Bottom Line: There are many destinations in our solar system for human beings to attempt settlement; each of them has its advantages and challenges, but all of them can and should be tried.

Some very bright people have written excellent, full-book treatments about settling the various places in our solar system, and I encourage you to read them. The important point here is that the space economy has many possible destinations, and we would be remiss if we did not attempt to settle all of them.

Orbital Space

The area I have labeled "orbital space" might be more easily described as "the entire universe, except those parts filled by the sun, planets, asteroids, or other matter." It is the vacuum that fills most of the universe, from here to 15 billion light years away, as far as we understand things. That is a lot of territory, filled with matter and energy we have scarcely begun to understand, much less explore or use.

We must travel through empty space to reach any other destination in the solar system. However, gravity and orbital mechanics make only particular orbits in free space attractive to space commerce and settlement. These include:

• Low-Earth orbit (LEO), approximately 80 to 1,200 miles above the Earth's surface.
• Medium Earth orbits (MEO), 3,000 to 12,000 miles above Earth.
• Geosynchronous orbit (GEO), 22,223 miles above the Earth's equator.
• Gravitationally stable orbits along the Moon's Orbit, 60 degrees in front and behind the satellite, where Earth and lunar gravities cancel each other out, called Lagrange points. The three most stable of these points are:
  • L1, about two-thirds of the way from the Earth and the Moon.
  • L4, located 60° ahead of the Moon along its orbit.
  • L5, located 60° behind the Moon along its orbit.Lagrange points can be found for any two orbiting masses where a third, much smaller mass can orbit at a fixed distance from the larger masses. This includes the Sun and any of the planets.

Humanity has spent most of its time and effort in space getting people and machines into Earth orbit. Aside from sending orbiters and landers the Moon, Mars, and outer planets, most of the rest of our time has been spent literally going in circles. We have derived many benefits from those ventures, from instantaneous worldwide communications to weather observation to search and rescue, environmental monitoring, and images of the most distant parts of our universe. But we've only begun to tap the potential of what is possible in orbital space.

The United States and Russia each built space stations for housing human beings in orbit. The largest and most famous have been Skylab, Mir, and the International Space Station (ISS). Only ISS currently orbits our world, and it is scheduled to be completed in 2010. Because of the amount of time it has taken to assemble the station, it has been staffed by very small crews of two to three people each, which spend most of their time maintaining systems rather than performing science or developing any new technologies. When the station is completed, NASA and Russia expect to launch crews of six to seven people to ISS to begin the station's real work.

ISS has served as a tourist destination since 2001, when Dennis Tito became its first paying passenger. Hopefully these visits will continue after the station is completed. In the meantime, entrepreneurs are planning their own orbital hotels, including Robert Bigelow, who has already launched his first inflatable space station into orbit, and hopes to send up a larger one soon. This opens up a new field of space commerce: orbital space tourism.

But beyond the government-run ISS and small-scale inflatable structures in low-Earth orbit, there is the possibility for much larger stations, spun for gravity, which could be based in the higher orbits listed earlier.

Before we even get to build settlements, there are opportunities aplenty to lay the groundwork for living and working in orbit. For instance, a lot of "space junk" has accumulated in LEO since the Space Age began. Objects ranging from flecks of paint to astronaut gloves to retired satellites are all up there, taking up space that could one day damage a future spacecraft. There could be big money in capturing, destroying, or re-orbiting this "junk."

Solar power satellites (described in more detail in Chapter 6) could transmit solar power from orbital space down to Earth or collect it for use by vehicles or stations in orbit. Space stations in Earth and Moon orbit can act as transfer points between the home world, the Moon, and elsewhere. Captured asteroids can be mined in space, exporting their materials to space settlements or to a resource-hungry Earth, simultaneously reducing strip mining there.

Space stations in LEO, GEO, and lunar orbit could be transfer points for spacecraft traveling between Earth, Moon, Mars, and beyond. Hosting transient travelers and populations of permanent residents, these stations could operate as well-equipped spaceports, providing fueling facilities, factories, cargo storage, spacecraft "dry docks," apartments and sleep facilities, or restaurants.

Most importantly, we can build orbital space settlements from the ground up, controlling the internal environments, to include their temperature, air purity, vegetation, and gravity. With all of the other destinations, we will have to deal with them "as is" or try to modify them. An additional advantage of a free-orbiting space settlement is that it can be moved out of the way if an asteroid or comet heads its way. Planets and moons are not so easily moved. As the technology for these orbiting cities enables the inhabitants to build self-sustaining, "closed loop" life support systems, they also can build space vehicles capable of taking very long journeys, even out of our solar system.

Of course there are disadvantages to building orbital space settlements: the exterior environment is hard vacuum, and shielding will be necessary to protect occupants from cosmic rays, solar flares, and other unfiltered radiation that would kill us, quickly or slowly, depending on the type. Also, the types of settlements I've mentioned-the ones with their own gravity and environments-are also much, much bigger than anything we have attempted before. Imagine building Dayton, Ohio, a city of approximately 165,000 people, in space. Obviously such a massive structure could not be built from "tuna can" segments launched by the Space Shuttle. The city will require resources from the Moon and asteroids for construction.

How do we manufacture and maintain atmosphere? How do we maintain structural integrity? We are and will learn those lessons and many others through ISS and projects like the Bigelow inflatable. In addition, Gerard K. O'Neill, a physicist from Princeton University, described in The High Frontier the methods for building "O'Neill colonies" using technologies available in 1977. If it could be envisioned with current technology 30 years ago, it can certainly be done now.

The Moon

NASA is rebuilding its capability to return to the Moon. Right now the earliest possible U.S.-government-sponsored landing on our nearest celestial neighbor is 2020. And like the ISS, the Moon base presents a potential market for commercial cargo providers. However, it begs the question: if commercial vendors can get cargo to the Moon, why not do the entire mission? The Russians, in cooperation with Space Adventures, proposed a $100 million tourist flight around the Moon by 2010. If the Russians can fly someone by the Moon, can landing them there be much farther away?

Commercially, the Moon could become a great exporter to organizations building space settlements in L4 or L5. The lunar crust is rich in aluminum and oxygen. Using an electromagnetic rail gun (also called a mass driver), miners on the Moon could launch payloads nearly anywhere in near-Earth space. Lacking much in the way of an atmosphere, the Moon could also be a place for collecting and transmitting solar power to Earth or orbital settlements.

The most common use for the far side of the Moon would be as a base for radio astronomy, where it would be blocked from the Earth's radio noise. Given the amount of traffic beyond Earth-Lunar space anyway, the Moon could serve as an excellent base for receiving data from distant space probes, like the Deep Space Network today.

The Moon could become a net power exporter, transmitting lunar-based solar power to space or Earth itself. Or, more likely in the near future, it could export Helium-3, an isotope of helium more easily used in nuclear fusion reactions, but without as many radioactive byproducts.

Could the Moon serve as a place for commerce or settlement? Underground, most likely. Surface activities like mining or telescope maintenance could be performed spacesuited astronauts, but everything else would have to be hardened. Tourist trips across the lunar plains (or mountain-climbing expeditions by extreme sports fans) also could provide tourism dollars. The most important businesses on the Moon, however, would be those dedicated to making it self-sufficient, meaning raising plants or rabbits for food or searching for water ice in "cold traps" (permanently shadowed locations where ice hasn't boiled away).

The Asteroids

The orbital track between Mars and Jupiter contains a wide range of rapidly orbiting rocks and chunks of metal, ranging from dust to Ceres, which is around 10 to the 7th kilograms of mass, approximately 1/6 the mass of the Moon. The rocky asteroids are just that--rocks. However carbonaceous chondrites could provide organic materials for making productive planting soil for space settlements in orbit or on the Moon or Mars. The nickel-iron asteroids also have been calculated to contain platinum-group metals, which are difficult to mine and expensive to buy on Earth. At present-day market prices, the space scientist John Lewis calculated that a single Apophis-class asteroid could have an equivalent value of $20 trillion. And there are hundreds of such asteroids whizzing about our solar system, some distressingly close to Earth.

It is very much worthwhile to visit, explore, mine, transform, and even move the objects of the asteroid belt, as some of them could cause uncalculable damage to Earth. Any mining of platinum-group metals done in space is mining not being done on Earth, which means less pollution here at home. And while we're saving humanity, we can also make it embarrassingly rich!

Mars

Mars is the second destination listed in NASA's "Moon, Mars, and Beyond" Vision for Space Exploration. Mars is the next logical destination because it is a world with more land area than Earth and many impressive, mysterious land features, from the solar system's largest canyon to its tallest mountain. What's most intriguing about Mars, however, is its potential for supporting life, in the past, now, or in the future. So far, our orbiters and landers have detected rust-colored rocks and a very thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Scientists are becoming increasingly convinced that the planet was once much warmer and wetter than it is now, resembling conditions that might have supported life billions of years ago. If that is so, why did it freeze up? Where did its atmosphere go? And where is its water now?

Deciphering the scientific puzzles of Mars has been the work of generations, and no doubt will continue for centuries to come. However, it is not just for scientific reasons that Mars calls to us. It also could be the home of future human settlements. The soil already possesses many of the materials necessary to support life, including water ice.

On the negative side, planetary temperatures average -50°C; its soil includes many hyper-reactive peroxides and other potential poisons; the thin atmosphere provides little shield from solar radiation; its gravity is 38 percent of Earth's, making returns home difficult for explorers and impossible for anyone born there; and planet-wide dust storms can last for months or years, blowing super-fine particles around at speeds over 300 miles per hour.

And yet, for all that, visionary scientists and engineers and science-fiction writers have suggested ways to "terraform" Mars: that is, make it like Earth. If such a project was possible, it would require a massive industrial effort, akin to the work that went into settling and building civilization in North America, and it would be the work of centuries. Yet when it was completed, we would have a second planet for humanity to call home.

The Outer Planets

Are there reasons to head out to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune? Yes! Europa, one of the Galilean Moons of Jupiter, might support life under its icy surface. Callisto and Ganymede could be made into settlements like Earth's moon. Turbulent Io could provide sources of hydrocarbons for our plastic-hungry economy. The rest of Jupiter's rocky moons could serve as asteroid bases or sources of metals.

Saturn's moons are more forbidding and much farther away, but among them is Titan, a methane-covered moon with its own atmosphere, the only moon in our solar system to have one. It, too, could hold the promise of life. The rings of Saturn could provide the ultimate scenic cruise destination. And the planet's moons, like those of Neptune and Uranus, could provide additional asteroid habitats, should we wish to build them.

But perhaps the greatest resource Uranus and Neptune could provide would be Helium-3, discussed in the Moon section earlier. While Helium-3 might exist only in traces in the lunar regolith, it is abundant in the atmospheres of the two outer giants. Rugged, giant scoop-craft would be needed to dive down and obtain this precious isotope, but once the process became commonplace, Helium-3 reactors would have all the energy they need.

The Oort Cloud

Out beyond the orbit of icy Pluto and its moons are similar objects--so many of them that if we were to include them as planets in the solar system's list of official "planets," grade-school astronomy would become unnecessarily complicated. Regardless of how Pluto and its neighbors are eventually classified, they consist of ice and other volatiles like ammonia, both of which will be necessary for supporting asteroid, orbital, and even planet-bound settlements. The primary business in this region would be harnessing and launching these icy proto-comets on slow, safe trajectories toward the inner planets. Given the distance from the Sun (up to one light-year), space stations would have to have highly reliable and potent energy sources, not to mention elaborate and comfortable quarters for its citizens.

Out Far, and Onward Yet

If our spacecraft and space stations can travel to and survive in the deep reaches of the Oort Cloud, they are nearly one-quarter of the way to the nearest star, Proxima Centauri. Many objects that far from Earth haven't been detected because of their small size or dark coloration-we don't know what else we might find on the slow march to the stars, but undoubtedly the closer we get to them, the more we will know.

Bottom Line: If we create a space economy, we will improve our lives here on Earth.

It is often helpful in policy debates to start from first principles (your assumptions) or your desired end state (your intended outcomes). What follows is my vision for the future.

First, Some Assumptions

Some of these assumptions are so obvious that they should not need to be stated. However, for the sake of clarity, and to give this book its philosophical underpinning, I will state the basis for this proposed future anyway:

• Equality in the eyes of God and the law. Individual human lives are sacred and endowed by their Creator with unique capabilities and deserve to be treated as equals under the law. Laws should be written with this principle as their foundation.
• Equality of opportunity and capitalism. Civilized societies should ensure equality of opportunity for individuals, not equality of outcome.
• Limited government. Individuals have a greater chance of personal success when they are given both maximum freedom and maximum responsibility for their actions.
• Representative government. To quote Winston Churchill, "Democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others."

Later in this book I will discuss how space settlement ensures the continuation of these Western (and now mostly American) principles, but these points will do for a start. What follows is a description of what life might look in the future as I see it--a living example of how my previously stated assumptions might find expression in the real world. So relax, sit back, and relax for a few pages while I indulge in a little story telling.

The Future of the Private Sector

Welcome to America, circa 2100. Much to the surprise of political pundits, international diplomats, and Marxist university professors, the United States continues to be the leader of the free world. Unlike the military adventurism of 50 years ago, our nation's investments and emigrations into space are now the driving force behind that continued leadership.

Spacecraft Manufacturers and Spacelines

Perhaps the most dramatic transformation in American society has been the development of routine commercial access to space. Thanks to extensive research efforts by many parties, including NASA, a dozen rocket-building companies provide low-cost vehicles for a wide range of passenger spacelines, cargo and satellite launches, and occasionally military hardware.

Freed from the need to support NASA's human spaceflight operations, many of the "big boys" took the hint and moved into more entrepreneurial activities. While the Atlas and Delta launchers provided interim launch service to the International Space Station, Boeing, Lockheed, ATK, and others began buying up or teaming up with their smaller rivals in the commercial field. When Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic committed to flying their Rutan Flyers up to Bigelow's new inflatable space station, the space industry realized that there would be plenty of work for everyone.

Obviously the most important development in space traffic was the development of fully reusable single- and two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. While not flown as often as commercial airliners, these new ships quickly doubled, tripled, and then quadrupled the number of payloads launched to orbit within five years. Launch costs dropped, but traffic increased, effectively keeping many companies' revenues at the same levels.

The original "spaceports" built 40 years ago in New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma provided testing grounds for ground operations. Other conventional airlines began to take the space trade seriously, entering the marketplace that only Virgin Galactic had occupied at first. As the new spacelines gained experience flying suborbital and then orbital tourists, they gradually proved that space vehicles could operate with small ground crews requiring not much more than a high school education. The age of mass transit into space has begun.

Space Construction, Mining, Secondary Services, and Utilities

Like airlines on Earth, the spacelines would have a hard time making money without somewhere to go. The biggest growth markets in low-Earth orbit (LEO), L4/L5, the Moon, Mars, and the asteroid belts are in construction, logistics, and all the "little things" that make life in these outposts worth living. The simple reason for this is that starting rocket transportation companies or spacelines require the most market capitalization. If someone else is taking care of that, others could concentrate on smaller tasks. In fact, if the government had tried to fund all of the activities that private entrepreneurs were investing in, Congress would have shut down the whole project years ago.

Not everything is brought up from Earth anymore, though: some items, like foodstuffs, seeds, specialty high-technology items, and entertainment packages, continue to be produced primarily "down under," as the home planet is now called (much to the dismay of Australia's board of tourism). Many industries are now home-grown, including mining and ore processing, simple tool and die manufacturing, spacesuit repairs, and "coffin hotels" for weary construction workers building habitats around the Inner Planets. Because of the complexity of everyday life in the orbital, lunar, and planetary habitats, the space economy has become a virtual paradise for small-business entrepreneurs.

Third-Tier Suppliers and Vendors

Space isn't for everyone. Isolation, close quarters, spacesickness, and lack of "fresh air" still keep many people from doing more than visit. However, the space economy still has a vibrant Earthbound component, everything from accounting to spaceport concessions to human resources and finance. Special courses have been set up at Harvard and Yale to address the unique intricacies of interplanetary finance, tort law, asteroid mining rights, dual-planet custody rights, and intellectual property.

Meanwhile, the number of large and small businesses providing goods and services to the space economy grows every year as launch costs continue to drop. "Spacers" are no longer a specialty market, but a necessary part of any mass-marketing campaign. Consumer products that become popular among the Lunarites or the Martians have a certain cachet with young people. On the manufacturing side of things, companies that can get their parts, components, or assemblies approved for use off-world develop a better following on Earth, which has a much more forgiving environment.

Arts & Entertainment

HDTV broadcasts from Luna City have been common since the settlement's founding. Twice-daily news briefs are sent from Mars by laser. While the Martians haven't had much time to devote to TV as entertainment yet, Earthly visitors watch with great interest as habitats comprising Mormons, Christian Socialists, Ayn Rand Objectivists, and others set about their individual social experiments in new ways of living. Live concerts by Earth-based musical or theatrical performers are a special treat on the Moon and L4/L5 colonies. The Royal Shakespeare Company hopes to raise enough money to send a troupe to Phobos and Mars soon.

Meanwhile, folk music from the various construction and settler crews about life in the black has begun to filter back to Earth. A confusing mishmash of bluegrass, jazz, salsa, rap, and "Bollywood" tunes, the music isn't quite as appealing to older adults as it is to the younger generation. On the plus side, teenagers are at least learning to become multilingual, as they learn the many ways to say "Don't throw up in your spacesuit."

In the visual arts, painters have begun emigrating to Mars, as its garish land forms inspire a whole new revival in representational landscape art, as there is no need to exaggerate the reality of the place. While most of the artists can simply paint what is without embellishment, "the Mars School" of painting is trying to get students to convey, through their brushstrokes, "the Martian aesthetic."

On both Mars and Moon, sculptors are having a marvelous time tantalizing Earthbound collectors with sculptures that are impossible to create or display in Earth gravity but stand up just fine in the other worlds' lower g's.

When the first human trip to the moons of Jupiter heads for Europa, the Union of Space Artists has already lobbied to include an artist/sculptor/poet on the crew to capture what, if any, life forms the crew might find beneath the moon's rugged ice-covered seas.

Religion and Philosophy

Just as art and music followed us into space, so too did religion and philosophy. Many early travelers, operating under close quarters, realized the absolute necessity for prayer, meditation, and ritual as a means of maintaining individual and crew stability. Non-denominational chapels are as common in the settlements as they are in commercial airports and spaceports. Individuals merely press a button outside the door for the appropriate faith's ornaments to appear upon the altar.

Another important religious issue touching the religious establishment has been the death of life on Mars and the discovery of living organisms on Europa and around other stars in the galaxy. With irradiated fossils being the only sign of life on the Red Planet, the still-recent Martian settlers have begun cautious discussions about "terraforming" their new homeworld-to make it more like Earth. It has been suggested that "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas," be reworded to say "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the worlds in the skies." The discussions about existing life inside and outside the solar system, however, are leading to profound discussions about what "Created in God's own image" might mean if human beings encounter intelligent life in the near future. The Society of Jesus--the Jesuits--scored a major coup by including one of their own members on the Jupiter mission crew. The arguments between Father Yoruba and the artist, Nelly82, have already become famous in the news.

Elsewhere, many philosophers--often degreed professionals who take scut-work jobs so they can perform their research anonymously--are writing new papers and theories about how human beings can or do interact in artificial environments in distant places. Others are trying to develop political theories that can unite the multiple languages and cultures now cross-fertilizing across the solar system. Still others write back to Earth that they are disappointed that human beings have not been fundamentally changed by living on other worlds: they are just as mean, petty, selfish, and cantankerous as they are at home.

There has been one important blessing: advanced technologies and tests developed in the wake of the Lisa Nowak scandal filtered out all potential for demented or hostile behavior. With everyone from ground crews to passengers to space pilots receiving these exams before lifting off, there have been no terrorist attacks in the settlements. Violence, fights, and even murders have occurred in the heat of the moment, but pathological personalities have been excluded from space, for which its citizens have been duly grateful.

Settlers and Children

As spaceflight began to drop in price, a number of private foundations began to put their considerable resources toward funding settlements on the Moon or Mars. The L4 and L5 space cities were built by government-private industry consortiums, and so were less likely to attract the seriously independent-minded pioneers.

Groups ranging from Mormons to Communists to Ayn Rand Objectivists to Reformed Amish began training at camps in the Arctic and Antaractic outbacks on Earth to prepare for life on the frozen frontier. Their goals were simple: they hoped to get away from life here and find a new beginning for a way of life that they saw being threatened. All of the settlements have their own internal governance structures, but agreed to follow the Concert of Worlds Declaration, which guaranteed that no human being would be subject to persecution, harm, or death at the hands of a local government. And, again, no one was allowed to board a spaceline vehicle going to the outbound immigrant transport without a full psych screening, ensuring the avoidance of blatantly hostile or harmful behavior.

Even before space settlements had the space, time, and facilities to manage children, people began having them. Some Lunarite children are already permanent residents, as a transition to Earth's six-times-more-powerful gravity would put their more fragile, longer bones at risk and also confine them uncomfortably to a wheelchair for the rest of their lives. Similar, though not as severe problems would affect children born on Mars. Kids growing up on the L4 and L5 free-space cities, of course, have no such handicap, as the great, rotating structures where they live provide Earth-standard gravity for all.

The Spacer kids do have a different outlook on things--something of great interest to psychologists and sociologists--the most obvious being their utter confusion when faced with claustrophobics. Having spent their entire lives surrounded by human-made structures and spacesuits, the thought of standing on the outside an open-air planet fills them with some misgivings. A group of L5 kids visiting Earth for the first time didn't understand what the big media fuss was about and why reporters kept asking them silly questions regarding things they took for granted about life in Tsiolkovskigrad. One ten-year-old quipped, when asked what he thought of Earth, summed up the opinion of most of his peers: "Dirty, noisy, and rude."

Otherwise, the children in the settlements have a much more intuitive feel for life in space because machines and spacecraft are, to them, simply facts of life. They usually speak three to six languages, depending on who financed and built their settlement, and often lapse into an incomprehensible slang when they want to keep secrets or be left alone by grownups or "groundhogs," as they call Earth people. While they appreciate the cultural exchanges they have with "sister schools" back on Earth, they are most interested in communicating with their own kind, meaning other children who have grown up away from Earth.

Naturally there is some rivalry within the space generation. Like any kids, they inevitably make up unfair or impolite nicknames for kids from other settlements or other worlds. They look down on Earth people particularly, but are circumspect enough not to say so within earshot of grownups. Living as they do among mostly well-adjusted adults with high educations, their attitude is hardly surprising, but where these attitudes will lead in the future is still anyone's guess. Some hope that they will be able to find solutions for the problems that Earth still struggles with, including crime, poverty, and war. However, right now, the oldest of the "space kids" is only 25, and hasn't made any grand plans regarding his future yet.

The Future of the Government

Military

Some of what the United States Aerospace Force flies today would have been familiar to its predecessor service of 100 years ago. Satellites for communications, missile launch detection, battlefield surveillance, and global positioning systems (GPS) are still in place. However, the satellites are now less expensive; launched, upgraded, decommissioned, deorbited, and replaced more rapidly; and the 'sats' are more capable than in years past. The revolution in low-cost launchers benefited the armed forces in a number of ways, from rapid troop deployments to maintaining space access, clearing away "space junk," and projecting force without ever leaving the continental U.S. (CONUS).

One of the more effective force-projection tools are winged tungsten cylinders no more than 20 feet long and one foot in diameter. Launched from hardened silos or from orbit, "Thor's Hammers" (called "Rods from God," by the airmen who maintain them) enter or reenter the atmosphere at a speed of nearly seven miles a second, a "rod" uses simple kinetic energy to crash into its target with all the force of a nuclear weapon and none of the fallout. The "rods" are the ultimate bunker buster.

The USAF has two squadrons of specially modified military space planes that can deliver troops, weapons, or cargo anywhere in the world in half an hour. These "Screaming Eagles" have reduced troop deployments abroad, as the long, slow logistics tails of 100 or even 50 years ago have been replaced by "just in time" deployments. America's armed forces have an even better reputation, as they are no longer occupiers so much as SWAT teams, whisking in and out to address crises while leaving local constabulary troops to handle day-to-day ground operations.

The services are also smaller than they used to be. Of course, with less dependence upon petroleum from Asia, America's commitments in the region have dropped off tremendously. However, they have picked up new duties as the Solar Economy has extended well beyond Earth's orbit. USAF contributes to SPACEGUARD, the global organization charged with locating, tracking, and (if necessary) deflecting asteroids and comets that could strike the home world.

Most of the USAF's time, however, is spent answering distress calls between Earth, Moon, Mars, the L4/L5 colonies, or the Asteroid Belt. They make good time, as they're currently the only organization that can afford continuously accelerating spacecraft.

NASA

Government-operated space programs haven't gone away. In fact, when human and cargo launch services were turned over to the private sector, the Aeronautics, Space Science, and Earth Science Directorates all found themselves embarrassingly rich. Projects like the James Webb Telescope, Terrestrial Planet Finder, and other projects cut short by the budget crunches late in the ‘Oughts suddenly found themselves back on schedule or even accelerated.

The launch services and spaceline providers compete eagerly for NASA contracts, as they get free commercials out of the bargain. The space launch industry is also kept busy launching new telescopes, Earth observation satellites, and long-range probes to the outer planets.

Perhaps NASA's greatest contributions to the space economy have been its pure research efforts on aeronautical and aerospace technologies, tasks that took the agency back to its roots in the old days of the National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA), while at the same time recalling the Apollo era, as the agency established bases at both of the lunar poles. Sometimes by providing prizes to individual competitors, sometimes by performing expensive research itself, NASA has proven to be a benefit to the entire industry. The agency takes special pride in the research it has done on solar power satellites, single-stage-to-orbit vehicles, and near-vacuum construction methods, all of which found a much broader marketplace once exploitation of knowledge was moved over to the private sector.

NASA has big plans for the future. As near-Earth space continues to be developed by private industry, the NASA-sponsored mission to Europa and autonomous probes are seeking out landing sites for future scientific outposts and settlements on the moons of Jupiter. Assuming the next budget request is approved by Congress, the President will direct the Administrator to begin design studies for the first interstellar probe to Alpha Centauri.

***

What we see here is a fully integrated, dynamic, and culturally diverse space culture. There are tensions, wars, rivalries, and challenges, but there is also progress, profit, and chances for a new life. About the only social engineering aspect one can find is the psychological screening of passengers and crews traveling up to and through space. If we can detect and prevent individual human beings intent on doing harm to others from acting, other types of "profiling" become unnecessary.

It is a capitalist culture engaged in free trade, limited government, and economic growth. Those who would complain about the evils of cultural imperialism or American/Western jingoism might contemplate what the space economy would look like if it were guided solely by principles laid down in Communist China, authoritarian Russia, or socialist Europe; or the place of women in space under Iranian sharia law; or how the culture might look different if India's birth-is-destiny caste system were to hold sway. Space provides a further venue for demonstrating the progress available to a maximum number of individuals under Western standards of equality and liberty. For make no mistake: all of these nations want to get into space, and sooner or later, they will.

mój chłopak jest miesiąc w wojsku, po wizycie lekarskiej lekarz stwierdził płaskostopie i mój chłopak dostał

1 zwolnienie lekarskie

2 opis w książeczce zdrowia żołnierza

3 oraz ponowne skierowanie na komisje lekarska w celu zmiany kategorii i zwolnienia go za służby wojskowej

Bardzo proszę aby mi pan wyjaśnił jak to wszystko będzie przebiegało, a co najważniejsze ile to wszystko będzie trwało?

I jaki czas ma wojsko na skierowanie mojego chłopaka na ponowna komisję lekarska i czy on ma szanse przy dużym płaskostopiu wyjść z wojska

Dziękuję panu bardzo za odpowiedź

Zwolnienie lekarskie żołnierza zawodowego

Jaki będzie wynik badania terenowej komisji lekarskiej i jakie wyda orzeczenie nie wiem.

Na komisję kieruje dowódca jednostki wojskowej na wniosek lekarza. Wypisuje się druk skierowania na komisję oraz stosowny druk opinii służbowo lekarskiej.

Po wydaniu orzeczenia przez TWKL i potwierdzonym odebraniu przez żołnierza jest okres 14 dni na uprawomocnienie się orzeczenia i z reguły na ostatni dzień następuje zwolnienie z zasadniczej służby wojskowej. Z reguły jest to czas spędzany na izbie chorych.

Do przemyślenia jest sprawa późniejszych konsekwencji np kategorii D [ niezdolny do służby w czasie pokoju] dla rezerwisty.

Niestety z mojej praktyki wynika, że z wiekiem rezerwiści mądrzeją a stygma kategorii D lub E staje się problemem.

Raz na kwartał przychodzi do mnie pacjent, chcący zmienić kategorię D na A. Najczęściej związane to jest z naborem do innych służb mundurowych np policji.

Niestety, moje porady lekarskie kończą się na przedstawieniu drogi prawnej tej procedury. Wynik jest dla mnie z góry znany tzn. utrzymanie poprzedniej kategorii zdrowia. Jest to szczególnie bolesne, kiedy błędy młodości rujnują karierę bardzo wartościowych osób.

Hi Rob,
Thanks for your message. I would love to help you. Often the pain you experience is related to emotion or something physical that is causing your body to go into fight mode. This runs in your body, so it is difficult for it to heal. I have had great results with people overcoming chronic pain, even on my long distance phone appointments. We can figure out what is blocking your body from healing, get it out of the fight mode & get you moving in the right direction.
The sexuality can definitely be improved, although releasing your pain seems to be the top priority. I love that you are exploring tantra & pilates, as these will help you have an even closer connection with what you are wanting to achieve.

Thank you,
Jeanne Lupypciw

www.unlockblocks.com

www.sexualtuneup.wordpress.com

Niestety część osób nie podaje zwrotnego e-maila, co uniemożliwia przesłanie porady zainteresowanemu. Korzystając z dostępności WordPress zamieszczamy przykładowe pytanie poniżej.

Dzień dobry
Od dziecka posiadam wadę wzroku tj. zez oka lewego oraz brak obuocznego widzenia. Niedawno zmieniłem stanowisko pracy i w tej chwili jestem specjalistą d/s handlowych i muszę poruszać się samochodem osobowym i dostawczym do 3,5t.

Niedługo będę przechodził badania okresowe i w związku z tym mam pytanie : czy z moją wadą wzroku mogę wykonywać tę pracę ( w opisie skierowania mam wyszczególnione, że jeżdżę samochodem do 3,5t)?

Pytam gdyż nie mogłem pracować na stanowisku kierowcy właśnie ze względu na wzrok.

Będę wdzięczny za odpowiedź.

Odpowiedź

Niestety, brak widzenia obuocznego i zez kierowcy raczej dyskwalifikują do wykonywania tego zawodu. Dodatkowo niekorzystnym czynnikiem jest wcześniejsze orzeczenie lekarskie. Kryteria badania wzroku kierowców nie uległy istotnym zmianom w ostatnim czasie.

Oczywiście ostateczna decyzja zostanie podjęta po bezpośrednim badaniu lekarskim.

Na moim blogu znajdziesz wiele innych podobnych pytań wraz z komentarzem.

Ponadto aktualny koszt badania na prawo jazdy we Wrocławiu jeden klik.

Decyzja skorzystania z moich porad oczywiście należy do Ciebie.

Skorzystałam więc z wizyty w godzinach popołudniowych. Przedstawiłam lekarzowi dolegliwości (jestem przeziębiona , dodatkowo choruję na astmę i przewlekłe zapalenie zatok).

Występujące objawy chorobowe uniemożliwiają mi wykonywanie pracy zawodowej, więc poprosiłam o dwa dni zwolnienia. Lekarz mimo , iż stwierdził skurcz oskrzeli odmówił wystawienia zwolnienia i stwierdził, że powinnam przyjść rano.

Na moją dalszą prośbę i wyjaśnienia reagował słowem -nie- .Nadmienię, że pracuje tylko w godzinach popołudniowych. Bardzo proszę o stwierdzenie, czy lekarz miał prawo odmówić mi wypisania zwolnienia.

Odpowiedź

Trudno mi ocenić kto ma rację.

Dziwi mnie trochę dysproporcja pomiędzy Pani potrzebami [tylko 2 dni zwolnienia] a opisywanym, dość poważnym przebiegiem choroby i późnym zgłoszeniem się do lekarza. Zwolnienie lekarskie inne zasady wypisywania.

W związku z lekkim bólem gardła otrzymałem zwolnienie od lekarza w jednostce szkolnej na 21 dni. W związku z tym mój dowódca postanowił skreślić mnie z listy słuchaczy i przenieść na następny kurs, ponieważ jego zdaniem nie zdążę zaliczyć wszystkich testów.

Lekarz zwolnił mnie z zajęć do dnia 17 listopada, a 21 kończy się kurs. W związku z tym, dzień po otrzymaniu tego zwolnienia (nie jest to druk L4 tylko zwykłe zaświadczenie lekarskie) udałem się do przychodni lekarskiej, nie związanej z resortem i otrzymałem zwolnienie lekarskie L4 na 6 dni, do dnia 5 listopada.

Moim zdaniem to zwolnienie jest bardziej aktualne i nie ma podstaw aby mnie zwolnić ze szkolenia, ale mój dowódca upiera się, że ważne jest to wystawione jako pierwsze i nadal chce mnie wydalić.

Jestem pozbawiony wszelkiej pomocy i chciałbym Pana prosić o wskazówki które pomogłyby odnaleźć się w tej sytuacji. Z góry dziękuję

Odpowiedź

Jeżeli dostał Pan zwolnienie aż na 21 dni z powodu "lekkiego bólu gardła", to widzę tutaj pewną sprzeczność.

Wydaje mi się celowe pójście do lekarza jednostki szkolnej i wyjaśnienie całej sytuacji, włącznie z przedstawieniem drugiego zwolnienia. Nie sądzę aby lekarz robił sztuczne problemy z zaliczeniem kursu.

Tym nie mniej, nawet kilkudniowe zwolnienie lekarskie policjanta może spowodować znaczne zaległości w programie szkolenia.

Nic Pan nie pisze czy leżał pan na izbie chorych lub w jaki sposób dostał się Pan do drugiego lekarza, czy były wcześniej jakieś zwolnienia z zajęć.

Mam 21 lat i upomina się o mnie Wku, nie chce iść do służby wojskowej ponieważ mam obawy o moją nogę. Nogę zwichnąłem w 2005 i nie wiem za bardzo jak mam to wyleczyć. proszę o pomoc. Dziękuje z góry
Mateusz

Dokumentacja z leczenia powinna być w tej przychodni w której było ono prowadzone. Po uzupełnieniu dokumentacji medycznej, można napisać prośbę do Komendanta WKU o powtórne komisyjne badanie lekarskie.

Z mojego doświadczenia wynika, że "ucieczka w chorobę lub ciągłą naukę" aby uniknąć służby wojskowej, często stwarza później kłopoty związane z nieuregulowanym do niej stosunkiem. Ale każdy przypadek poborowego jest indywidualny.

Pytanie nr 2

Dzień dobry od 3 miesięcy służę w Wojsku...Ale już psychicznie tam nie wytrzymuje bo starsze wojsko trochę mnie gnębi i chciałbym odpocząć na jakiś czas:/

Mam pytanie na jak długo można wziąć zwolnienie L4???

I czy Lekarz rodzinny może je wypisać???

Czy będą mnie kontrolować jak będę na zwolnieniu???

Bardzo bym prosił o szybką odpowiedz już dłużej nie wytrzymam w Tym wojsku:(:(:(

Odpowiedź

Bardzo proszę się zgłosić do lekarza i psychologa w swojej macierzystej jednostce wojskowej.

Być może ten problem jest do rozwiązania na tym szczeblu, a kilkudniowy pobyt na izbie chorych może Panu pomóc.

Oczywiście lekarz rodzinny w przypadku choroby może wypisać zwolnienie lekarskie, ale traktowałbym to jako ostateczne rozwiązanie- raczej nie weźmie pan zwolnienia do końca służby- a problem powróci.

Claim: Later in the 15th century, according to a contemporary chronicle that still survives in Canterbury Cathedral's library, the following incident was reported. On the afternoon of Friday, 26th September, 1449, two giant reptiles were seen fighting on the banks of the River Stour (near the village of Little Cornard) which marked the English county borders of Suffolk and Essex. One was black, and the other 'reddish and spotted'. After an hour-long struggle that took place 'to the admiration of many [of the locals] beholding them', the black monster yielded and returned to its lair, the scene of the conflict being known ever since as Sharpfight Meadow.

Rebuttal: The fight was between 2 wyrms and may have been based on either a fight between 2 rival crocodiles or is used as a metaphor of a great war between 2 armies that fought along side of the river with the victor taking the spoils of war for themselves just as the victorious dragon ate up much of the spectators who have come to watch in the story.

Cooper's Claim about the dragon living in St Leonard's Forest

Claim: As late as August, 1614, the following sober account was given of a strange reptile that was encountered in St Leonard's Forest in Sussex. The sighting was near a village that was known as Dragon's Green long before this report was published: 'This serpent (or dragon as some call it) is reputed to be nine feete, or rather more, in length, and shaped almost in the form of an axletree of a cart: a quantitie of thickness in the middest, and somewhat smaller at both endes. The former part, which he shootes forth as a necke, is supposed to be an elle [3 ft 9 ins or 1 l4 cms] long; with a white ring, as it were, of scales about it. The scales along his back seem to be blackish, and so much as is discovered under his belie, appeareth to be red... it is likewise discovered to have large feete, but the eye may there be deceived, for some suppose that serpents have no feete ... [The dragon] rids away (as we call it) as fast as a man can run. His food [rabbits] is thought to be; for the most part, in a conie-warren, which he much frequents ...There are likewise upon either side of him discovered two great bunches so big as a large foote-ball, and (as some thinke) will in time grow to wings, but God, I hope, will (to defend the poor people in the neighbourhood) that he shall be destroyed before he grows to fledge.' This dragon was seen in various places within a circuit of three or four miles, and the pamphlet named some of the still-living witnesses who had seen him. These included John Steele, Christopher Holder and a certain 'widow woman dwelling neare Faygate'. Another witness was 'the carrier of Horsham, who lieth at the White Horse [inn] in Southwark'. One of the locals set his two mastiffs onto the monster, and apart from losing his dogs he was fortunate to escape alive from the encounter, for the dragon was already credited with the deaths of a man and woman at whom it had spat and who consequently had been killed by its venom. When approached unwittingly, our pamphleteer tells us, the monster was...'...of countenance very proud and at the sight or hearing of men or cattel will raise his neck upright and seem to listen and looke about, with great arrogancy.' an eyewitness account of typically reptilian behaviour.

Rebuttal: The story tells about a 9 foot long poisonous, serpentine dragon. No dinosaur ever had a venomous bite. Note closely above of how Cooper omits some parts of the tale that tells of the dragon being a serpentine monster instead of a dinosaur.

In comparison with Cooper's fabricated version of the story, here's the full text version of the tale first appeared in a pamphlet made in 1614.

True and Wonderful.

A discourse relating a strange and monstrous serpent (or dragon) lately discovered and yet living, to the great annoyance and divers slaughters both of man and cattell, by his strong and violent poyson: in sussex, two miles from horden, in a woode called st leonard's forrest, and thirtie miles from london, this present month of august 1614. With the true generation of serpents.

In sussex, there is a pretty market towne, called horsden, neare unto it a forrest, called st leonard's forrest, and there, in a vast and unfrequented place, heathie, vaultie, full of unwholesome shades, and overgrown hollows, where this serpent is thought to be bred; but, wheresoever bred, certaine and true it is, that there it yet lives.

Within 3 or 4 miles of the compass, are its usual haunts, oftentimes in a place called faygate, and it hath been seen within halfe a mile of horsham; a wonder, no doupt, most terrible and noisome to the inhabitants thereabouts. There is always in his tracke or path left a glutinous or slimie matter (as by a small similitude we may perceive a snaile's) which is very corrupt and offensive to the scent; insomuch that they perceive the air to be putrified withall, which must needs to be very dangerous. for much of the corruption of it cannot strike the outward part of a man, unless heated into his blood; yet receiving it in any of the breathing organs (mouth or nose) it is at any authoritie of all authors, writing in that kinde, mortall and deadlie, as one thus saith:

"Noxia serpantem est admixo sanguine pertis" --- Lucan

This serpent (or dragon, as some call it) is reputed to be nine feete, or rather more in lenth, and shaped in the forme of an axeltree of a cart ; a quantitie of thickness in the middest, and somewhat smaller at both endes. The former part, which he shootes forth as a necke, is supposed to be an elle long; with a white ring, as if it were, of scales about it. The scales alomg his back seem to be blackish, and so much as discovered under his bellie, appeareth to be red; for i speak of no nearer description than of reasonable occular distance. For coming near it; hath already beene too dearly payd for you, as you shall hear hereafter.

It is likwise discovered to have large feete but the eye may be there deceived; for some suppose that serpents have no feete, but glide upon certain ribbes and scales, which defend them from the upper part of their throat unto the lower part of their bellie, and also cause them to move much faster. For so this doth, and rids away (as we call it) as fast as a man can run.

He is of countenance very proud, and at the sight or nearing men or cattell, will raise his necke upright, and seem to listen and looke about, with a great arrogancy. there are likewise on either side of him discovered, two great bunches so big as a large football, and (as some thinke) will in time grow into wings; but god, i hope, will (to defend the poor people in the neighbourhood) that he be destroyed before he grows to full fledge.

He will cast his venom about 4 rodde from him, as by woeful experience it was proved on the bodies of a man and a woman comming that way, who afterwards were found dead, being poysoned and very much swelled, but not preyed upon.

Likewise a man going to chase it, as he imagined, to destroy it with two mastive dogs, and yet not knowing the great danger of it, his dogs were killed, and he himelf glad to returne to preserve his own life. Yet this is to be noted, that the dogs were not preyed upon, but slain and left whole: for his food is thought to be, for the most part, in a conie warren (rabbits), which he much frequents; and it is found much scanted and impaired in the encrease it had woont to afford". These persons, whose names are hereunder printed, have seene this serpent, beside divers others, as the carrier of Horsam, who lieth at the White Horse in Southwarke, and who can certifie the truth of all that has been here related.

John Steele. Christopher Holder. And a Widow Woman dwelling nere Faygate

There is a page here on the Genesis Park site that shows an actual pamphlet that contains such descriptions. However, this pseudo-dinosaur shown in this picture below is anything BUT a dinosaur.

It doesn't look like a dinosaur at all. Period. Instead it has a mammalian head with pointed ears, teats or women-type breasts on its back, large scales, curly tail, and a poisonous breath that can kill anyone that whiffs this potent smell. The dragon in the pamphlet kills its victims but never eats them, preferring to rely on rabbits as its only prey instead. The dragon shown on the pamphlet is in no way a dinosaur. This is an example of creationists doing everything it takes to prove their dinosaur/dragon falsehood by taking images of dragons like this one along with other dragon artifacts and falsely brand them as "dinosaurs" and vice versa to fit them into their imaginary dogma.