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Transport over HFC network

hfcnet — Fri, 05 Sep 2008 12:15:08 +0000

By using frequency division multiplexing, an HFC network may carry a variety of services, including analog TV, digital TV (standard definition and HDTV), Video on demand, telephony, and high-speed data. Services on these systems are carried on Radio Frequency (RF) signals in the 5Mhz to 1000MHz frequency band.

The HFC network can be operated bi-directionally, meaning that signals are carried in both directions on the same network from the headend/hub office to the home, and from the home to the headend/hub office. The forward-path or downstream signals carry information from the headend/hub office to the home, such as video content, voice and internet data. The return-path or upstream signals carry information from the home to the headend/hub office, such as control signals to order a movie or internet data to send an email. The forward-path and the return-path are actually carried over the same coaxial cable in both directions between the optical node and the home. In order to prevent interference of signals, the frequency band is divided into two sections. In countries that have traditionally used NTSC System M, the sections are 52 MHz to 1000 MHz for forward-path signals, and 5 MHz to 42 MHz for return-path signals. Other countries use different band sizes, but are similar in that there is much more bandwidth for downstream communication instead of upstream communication.

As detailed above, much more of the frequency band is dedicated to the forward-path than the return-path. Traditionally much more information is sent in the forward-path due to video content only needing to be sent to the home, so the HFC network is structured to be non-symmetrical, meaning that one direction has much more data-carrying capacity than the other direction. Years ago, the return-path was only used for some control signals to order movies, etc., which required very little bandwidth. As additional services have been added to the HFC network, such as internet data and telephony, the return-path is being utilized more.

Multiple System Operators (MSOs) developed methods of sending the various services over RF signals on the fiber optic and coaxial copper cables. The original method to transport video over the HFC network and, still the most widely used method, is by modulation of standard analog TV channels which is similar to the method used for transmission of over-the-air broadcast Analog television channels.(See Broadcast television system for more information.) One analog TV channel occupies a 6 MHz-wide frequency band in NTSC-based systems, or an 8 MHz-wide frequency band in PAL or SECAM-based systems. Each channel is centered on a specific frequency carrier so that there is no interference with adjacent or harmonic channels. Digital TV channels offer a more-efficient way to transport video by using MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 coding over Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) channels. To be able to view a digitally modulated channel, home, or customer-premises equipment (CPE), e.g. digital televisions, computers, or set-top boxes, are required to convert the RF signals to signals that are compatible with display devices such as analog televisions or computer monitors. The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has ruled that consumers can obtain a cable card from their local MSO to authorize viewing digital channels. By using digital compression techniques, multiple standard and high-definition TV channels can be carried on one 6 or 8 MHz frequency carrier thus increasing the channel carrying-capacity of the HFC network by 10 times or more versus an all analog network. Note that a digital tuner (i.e. TV set-top box) is not required for standard analog TV channels since most televisions have integrated analog tuners that can decode the signal, unless some type of scrambling is used.

source: wikipedia

Samsung LN52A650 52-Inch 1080p 120Hz LCD HDTV with Red Touch of Color

giftzee — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 15:34:13 +0000

Manufacturer's Description
Samsung adds a Touch of Color to a blazing-fast 4ms response time and rich connectivity features to redefine the role HDTVs play in the home with its forward-looking Series 6 (A650) and Series 7 (A750) LCD HDTVs. Utilizing the award-winning technologies found in all Samsung HDTVs, Series 6 and 7 HDTVs deliver unparalleled picture quality and enhanced connectivity and networking capabilities that create a true entertainment hub for any home. Series 7 takes networking and multimedia management to a whole new level. Consumers can easily enjoy MPEG and JPEG files stored on external devices by connecting through a side-mounted USB 2.0, turning their LCD into a full-scale home viewing gallery, or connect their MP3 players for a dynamic audio experience.

Samsung enhances the clarity of select LCD HDTVs by replacing the light-diffusing plastic face of traditional LCD HDTVs with a natural black panel with a clear anti-glare shield. Reduced reflection of external light creates a new dimension in image clarity, highlighting black and darkened areas, enabling vibrant, more compelling colors and a brighter, clearer picture. Black will never again appear grayish. Black details will show in vivid black even in dark scenes.

The latest version of Samsung’s breakthrough super clear panel technology makes colors appear more vibrant and blacks even deeper than ever. Enhanced films reduce glare and optimize off-angle viewing.
The NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) has established the color standards all TVs in America try to meet. And typical LCD TVs only meet about 72% of this standard. Samsung LCD HDTVs use Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp backlights to give you 92% coverage of the NTSC standard, ensuring truer, more breathlessly vivid colors.

INDONESIA: LAND DISPUTE LEADS TO ATTACKS ON CHRISTIAN HUB

Particular Kev — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 10:01:47 +0000

Public Order officer warns ministry chairman to be ‘careful of your life.’

JAKARTA, September 3 (Compass Direct News) – A land dispute led to two attacks on the headquarters of the Indonesian Christian Students’ Movement (GMKI) and its parent ministry, the Alliance of Indonesian Churches (PGI), last week (August 26 and 28).

Sources said an illegal land deal in Jakarta has created the bitter dispute between the GMKI and a private company that claims it has the legal right to build on land previously occupied by GMKI.

GMKI and PGI share an office on the disputed land. Sources said that on August 26 volunteer Public Order officials – who normally mediate local disputes, but who in this case have sided with the private company laying claim to the land, Kencana Indotama Persada Co. (KIP) – threw stones at the Christian organizations’ offices and damaged doors, windows and student motorbikes.

On Thursday (Aug. 28), according to sources, the Public Order officers again attacked the premises, this time using heavy implements to break glass panes and damage other property. Students present fled to a nearby office of the Indonesia Bible Institute (LAI). Policemen standing nearby on the street made no attempt to intervene.

Mysterious Appropriation

The disputed property is a large piece of land originally granted by the Dutch colonial government to the Vereneging Christian School (VCS) Foundation. The VCS then gave the land to the Christian School Association, which in turn passed it on to a branch of its own association, the Christian Education Foundation (YBPK).

Although occupied by many Christian ministries and associations, including the Christian University of Indonesia and LAI, sources said the land belonged to YBPK.

Under the terms of the land grant, the land could not legally be sold to business entities, according to GMKI lawyer Nikson Lalu. In August 2006, however, a board member of YBPK, acting independently of the board, sold a small plot of land to KIP. An old office belonging to GMKI was still standing on the plot of land, adjacent to a newer building shared by GMKI and PGI.

Compass sources noted that a gas station and business offices had replaced other ministry offices on the granted land. It was not clear, however, how the businesses had appropriated the land from YBPK.

Dispute Escalates

Sources said that on August 23, at around 5 p.m., Public Order officer Simanjuntak, who has only a single name, visited the GMKI office and informed staff members that a boundary wall would be built between their current building and the old building, which was now considered the property of KIP.

KIP then erected a boundary wall between the two buildings, sources said, and KIP construction workers also used a bulldozer to partially demolish the old GMKI office despite protests from GMKI Chairman Charles Hutahaean. On August 26, GMKI students demolished the boundary wall that KIP had erected.

GMKI had filed a complaint against KIP in the district court, according to sources, but the court ruled in favor of KIP. GMKI’s lawyer then took the case to the Supreme Court, which at press time had yet to announce a decision.

Sources said that KIP claimed it had a previous letter of decision from the Supreme Court stating that KIP was the owner of the disputed land, despite the fact that the land could not legally be sold to a business enterprise.

A day before the first attack, Public Order officers had a confrontation with GMKI students. On August 25, Public Order officers noted that GMKI students had erected a banner inside their own boundary fence, facing the street, protesting against a new bylaw forbidding the sale of fruit, cigarettes and other goods by street vendors in the area.

When officers tried to remove the banner, according to sources, the students protested, claiming that since the banner was on their own property, they did not require a permit from the district office to display it.

Attacks, Threat

At around 4 p.m. on August 26, a large group of Public Order officers returned to the shared GMKI and PGI premises and began to throw stones at the building, breaking glass window and door panes and damaging motorbikes owned by GMKI students.

Sources said the students threw stones back at the officers, who then scaled the fence and tried to break into the PGI building itself; a PGI security guard managed to stop them.

The following day, Jakarta Vice-Governor Prijanto, who has only a single name, met with PGI Chairman Andreas Yewangoe and other PGI leaders. He apologized for the disturbance and promised compensation for the damaged property.

Additionally, Engkartiasto Lukito of the Golkar party and Ara Sirait of the Indonesian Democratic Struggle Party (PdiP) came to offer condolences, as did Hasyim Muzadi, leader of Nahdatul Ulama, the largest Muslim organization in Indonesia.

Nevertheless, on Thursday (Aug. 28), Public Order officers returned to carry out the second attack.

A Public Order officer involved in the dispute also warned GMKI Chairman Hutahaean to be “careful with your life.”

Compass sources explained that Public Order officers would likely benefit financially from protecting the business interests of KIP.

KIP construction workers on Friday (August 29) erected a sign on the disputed plot of land adjacent to the GMKI and PGI building, declaring that the land belonged to KIP.

Report from Compass Direct News

Understanding the Components of a Home Network

handonow — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 06:35:06 +0000

Home networks are becoming more common. People want to be able to share a single broadband Internet connection to several computers in the house. There are many different devices that you can use to make up your home network. If you have never heard network terminology device names like router, hub, etc may seem confusing. The purpose of most of these devices is to control how the network passes around information. This information is sent in the form of "packets". I will refer to the term packet several times in this article. It simply means the data that the network is transporting. I will now explain the purpose of the major components of a home network.

What is a Hub

A hub is a device that has several Ethernet ports on the back of the device. One of these ports will likely be labeled “Uplink”. This port allows you to connect multiple hubs together, if you run out of ports on your hub. If you do not have an uplink port on your hub, the hub cannot be easily extended if you run out of ports.

A hub is a device that attaches multiple computers on an Ethernet network. If you have a number different computers that you want to connect together, you could connect each to the hub. Any packet that is sent out by any computer on the network will immediately be transmitted to the other computers. Each computer will determine if the packet was really intended for it, and filter out packets that were intended for other computers.

You really should not use a hub in a modern home network. You should always use a switch in place of a hub. Switches will be discussed in the next section.

What is a Switch

A switch is a device that has several Ethernet ports on the back of the device. One of these ports will likely be labeled “Uplink”. This port allows you to connect multiple switches together, if you run out of ports on your switch. If you do not have an uplink port on your switch, the switch cannot be easily extended if you run out of ports.

A switch serves the same function as a hub. It allows you to connect multiple computers together, so that they can exchange packets. However, a switch is much more efficient than a hub. A switch will only send Ethernet packets to the computer that the packet was intended for. Because of this you should always use a switch in place of a hub.

What is a Router

A router is a device that has several Ethernet ports on the back of the device. One of the connectors will be labeled WAN. You should connect the WAN port to the Ethernet connection on a broadband source, such as a cable or DSL modem. The other ports on the router can be connected other computers or switches/hubs that will share the WAN connection.

Routers allow you to share your broadband connection with multiple computers in your house. Rather than connecting your computer directly into your cable or DSL modem you connect the router to the cable or DSL modem. Now any computer that you connect to the router will have access to the Internet.

If you run out of ports on your router you can always connect an additional switch to the router. To connect a switch to a router simply connects the switch’s "uplink" port to one of the routers Ethernet ports. Of course, don’t connect to the router’s WAN port. The WAN port should only be connected to something such as a cable or DSL router.

Some routers come with additional features installed. Most routers also include a firewall. Firewalls are discussed in the next section. Some routers will also include a wireless access point (WAP). The WAP allows you to use wireless devices, such as wireless laptops, with the Internet.

What is a Firewall

A firewall controls traffic flow between your network and the Internet. A firewall can be either hardware or software. Windows XP SP2 or higher includes a software firewall. A hardware firewall is included with most routers.

A firewall is a very good idea. It can protect you from inbound virus attempts. By inbound virus attempt I mean other computers that will connect to your computer and attempt to infect your computer. You do not want to run a computer directly connected to the Internet, without a firewall. There are just too many other computers out there that can connect and infect you without you even noticing.

What is a Network Attached Storage (NAS)

A network attached storage device is a device that allows a hard drive to be shared across the network. This hard drive is NOT attached to any of your computers. It is simply made available by the NAS. This can be a convent way to add a hard drive that can be accessed by several computers on your network. The other common way to add a network hard drive is to simply share a folder on one of your computers. However, with the NAS, you do not need to keep one of your computers on at all times.

There are two types of NAS commonly available. The first type comes with a build in hard drive. The second accepts a USB or Fire wire external hard drive. The advantage to using a USB or Fire wire hard drive is that you can upgrade the hard drive if it ever were to become too small.

What is a Print Server

Just like you can buy a device to allow you to share a hard drive, you can do the same with a printer. A print server connects directly to your printer. Your printer is then shared to all of your computers on the network. This is convent because you do not need to leave the printer hooked to a computer, which must be turned on to print.

Conclusions

As you can see there are many different components. Perhaps the final component that I ave yet to mention is the cable. These components are connected together with CAT5 Ethernet cable.

Die Kassette feiert ihr Comeback

beobachterin — Wed, 03 Sep 2008 20:08:10 +0000

[caption id="" align="alignright" width="500" caption="Der Kassetten-USB-Hub"][/caption]

Mehr oder weniger...

Eben bei Gizmodo drüben gesehen: Der Kassetten-USB-HUB.

So ein Hub will ich auch :S

Cassette Tape USB Hub: It's Not An Old Mixtape

range — Tue, 02 Sep 2008 21:04:12 +0000

This 4-port USB hub looks exactly like an old school tape, but if you try and play it in a Walkman, you'll damage it for sure. There's nothing sweeter than having new tech look like old tech. The cassette tape USB hub is a perfect example for this, and no it can't be used in a tape deck.

My latest from Unplggd...

Ancora gadgets ottantini.

silviakittys — Mon, 01 Sep 2008 17:07:04 +0000

Ancora un gagets in pieno stile eighty!

Sembra una musicasetta ed invece è un hub USB!

Fonte:Oh!Gizmo

Alitalia, 7mila dipendenti sospesi per aria. A Fiumicino tra piloti, assistenti di volo, di terra e passeggeri

mauriziomequio — Fri, 29 Aug 2008 20:42:12 +0000

Di Maurizio Mequio -Pubblicato su Liberazione

Fiumicino - Per il governo è stato il giorno di Alitalia, non per i suoi lavoratori. All'aeroporto di Fiumicino regna l'insicurezza: un purgatorio con 7mila dipendenti sospesi a mezz'aria, in attesa di risposte.
«Ridimensionare la compagnia di bandiera porterà al decadimento di Fiumicino e Malpensa. E' assurdo, si creerebbe un effetto a valanga su tutta l'economia dei trasporti», così un assistente di volo rompe il silenzio. Un silenzio imposto dall'azienda. Ore 15.30, ufficio biglietti dell'Alitalia all'aeroporto Leonardo: «Ci hanno chiesto di non parlare» e al check in: «Rilasciare delle dichiarazioni ci può costare il posto». Un hostess fuma una sigaretta dopo il volo: «Il rischio lo avvertiamo sulla nostra pelle. Sappiamo che una volta venduti, ognuno di noi potrebbe essere colpito». Un suo collega: «C'è una gerarchia: i primi a saltare saranno gli stagionali, poi i part-time. Il rischio maggiore è del settore cargo, ma la nostra preoccupazione è che uno spezzatino in più tranche significhi più esoneri diluiti nel tempo». Un anziano dipendente si dice confuso: «Si gioca con i lavoratori, lo si è fatto in campagna elettorale e lo si fa anche ora. Ci dicono che la soluzione Air France non ci avrebbe tutelato e ora si festeggia perché la parte buona della compagnia resterà tricolore. I politici non pensano ai 5mila esuberi in più di cui parlano i giornali. E gli stessi giornali non considerano l'indotto. Ogni quattro esuberi annunciati ce ne sarà almeno uno in più».
Ore 15.50, davanti al Club Freccia Alata: «Ci affidiamo ai sindacati, ma questa volta non ci sarà partita. I confederati seguiranno il centro-destra. Dicono che non esiste alternativa. Che opporsi equivalga a gettarsi in pasto a una crisi irreversibile. Mentre quelli di base avranno le mani legate». Un dipendente dell'Adr sembra tranquillo: «Ho letto tante sciocchezze, togliere importanza a Fiumicino non sarebbe logico. Questo non è un Hub, non lo è mai stato. E' un grande aeroporto, ridurlo a una base operativa significherebbe bastonare la città di Roma e far abbassare la testa a tutto il paese. Le persone che ci lavorano e risiedono nella provincia sono svariate migliaia e la maggior parte sono dipendenti Alitalia». Interviene un altro dipendente dell'Aeroporto: «Sono 22 anni che sono qui, so come funziona: il personale scarseggia. Gli unici tagli da fare sono quelli degli stipendi dei dirigenti. Di chi lavora in ufficio. I ragazzi pronti ad andare sugli aerei sono pochi e non parliamo di chi fa il carico e scarico bagagli. Alle volte solo due persone, è per questo che i passeggeri aspettano per molto tempo le valige. Sempre che arrivino». Un'assistente di terra dice di avere un contratto a tempo determinato: «Non mi illudo». Altri lamentano l'esternalizzazione di alcuni servizi e un addetto ai carrelli spiega: «Sì, sono di una ditta privata, sono meno pagato e meno tutelato. Non mi sento in colpa, sono in bilico come tutti». Nel corridoio Partenze c'è un manifesto della Cub trasporti: «Una scelta vergognosa: soldi agli speculatori e debiti allo Stato». C'è la data per uno sciopero:«17 settembre 2008», ma anche un'aggiunta a penna: «Potrebbe essere anticipato...». Ore 16.10, una famiglia rientra da Istanbul: «Abbiamo volato Alitalia perché i low cost ci spaventano. Sono sporchi, hanno l'aria condizionata rotta e fanno ritardo». Agli arrivi nazionali, due uomini in giacca e cravatta: «Lavoriamo nel settore. Quello che ci chiediamo è perché il progetto debba riguardare per forza anche Air One? Quella è un'azienda che non se la passa bene, non vorremmo che sotto a tutto questo gran baccano si nasconda qualche altro sporco interesse». Ore 17.00, un assicuratore calabrese scende dall'aereo: «La mia azienda da quando si iniziò a parlare della mancata vendita ad Air France, mi ha fatto volare con Air One. I livelli di sicurezza di Alitalia erano scesi drasticamente. Non ai livelli di Ryan Air, ma poco ci mancava». Un pilota al bar: «Possiamo guadagnare fino a 5mila euro, ma abbiamo molte responsabilità. Tagliarci farebbe perdere decine di migliaia di euro all'azienda. Ci ha formato e professionalizzato». Sulla possibilità di riduzione del numero degli aerei: «Molti sono ancora in leasing, non ci dovrebbero essere problemi. Ma rinunciare alle tratte internazionali sarebbe un suicidio. Sono quelle che garantiscono le maggiori entrate all'azienda». Due piloti di Air One: «Abbiamo letto che gli aerei di 12 anni saranno considerati vecchi, ma se si decidesse di spendere seriamente sulla manutenzione, potrebbero durare anche 20 anni. In alcuni casi parliamo di mezzi da milioni e milioni di euro». Ore 17.30, agli arrivi internazionali c'è un signore con un cartello: «Thyssen Kroup», non aspetta un operaio, ma un elegante, manager, che confida: «Io volo Air France». Un ragazzo arriva da Londra: «All'andata avevo volato con un'altra compagnia, spendendo meno della metà. Al ritorno non ho trovato i biglietti». Una signora torna dal Kuwait: «Tra poco non sarà più possibile viaggiare con Alitalia? Peccato, mi dava tranquillità».
Padre e figlio aspettano il taxi: «Mi rode, lo Stato è un grande azionista che continua a perdere un sacco di soldi». E il figlio: «Siamo dei cretini, prima ci pagavano e non gliela abbiamo data. Ora la stiamo regalando».

Forums Moved, Hub Page to be Added Soon

LinuxGuru — Wed, 27 Aug 2008 06:12:35 +0000

Written by LinuxGuru

Our forums have been moved to:

http://gaminglifestyle.net/forums

Additionally, we will have a hub page in place located at:

- TBD -

Our hub page will contain news feeds, relevant links, and generally a place to start on your quest for community belonging here with PlayStation LifeStyle. On behalf of the staff, I wish to once again invite anyone and everyone to come enjoy the conversation and fun at the forums. We'd love to have you.

P.S. - Please forgive any minor discrepancies with the new pages as they go live; they'll be continuously maintained and tweaked to perfection in due time.

Ubicando un sniffer en la red ethernet

mapacheuy — Wed, 27 Aug 2008 03:34:31 +0000

Al momento de poner un sniffer [0] a olfatear nuestra red es necesario tomar en cuenta algunos puntos de interes mas que relevantes. De estos puede depender el que los resultados obtenidos nos sean utiles, y que ademas reflejen la totalidad del trafico de nuestra red.

Todo resultado dependera basicamente de dos variables: topología de red [1] y uso de hub [2] o switch [3].

Esta información es válida para cualquier sniffer de los ampliamente difundidos: Ethereal, Wireshark, TCPdump, etc...

Posición del sniffer en una red no conmutada (uso exclusivo de HUB)

Este es el modelo más básico de red, varios pc a un hub central. En este caso, posicionando el sniffer en cualquier boca del hub, con una tarjeta en modo promiscuo, obtendremos acceso a todo el tráfico de la red.

Esto se debe a que en un hub todos los paquetes son transmitidos a todos los hosts conectados dentro del mismo segmento de red. Se divide el ancho de banda entre cada host de la red, ademas, se transmiten los paquetes a la velocidad del dispositivo más lento del segmento. Se producen colisiones que derivan en una red más lenta ya que requiere de la existencia de retransmisiones de paquetes.

Posición del sniffer en una red conmutada (uso de SWITCH)

En el modelo de red utilizando un switch, cada host conectado a este recibe solo el trafico a el dirigido (unicast) y el broadcast/multicast. El tráfico dirigido a otros host NO le llega. No divide el ancho de banda, es decir, explicando por encima, que cada puerto es capaz de transmitir a un máximo de velocidad dedicada (en un switch de 100mbps, este sería el tope ideal por puerto) lo que lo hace más eficiente que una red no conmutada.

Sin embargo, de conectar el sniffer a un puerto del switch, solo veremos tráfico dirigido al host que aloja al sniffer ademas del tráfico broadcast/multicast tal como ARP.

Posibles caminos a seguir ante una red con switch:

Opción 1

Una posibilidad es utilizar Arp Poison [4] aunque no se aconseja en lo más mínimo debido a que puede crear inestabilidad y/o causar otros problemas.

Opción 2

Es posible colocar el sniffer en el gateway [5] de salida o en un host firewall [6] con varias tarjetas, esto permitiria indicar cual es la interface que nos interesa olfatear. Esto permitira ver más trafico ademas del de broadcast/multicast.

Sin embargo para ver el tráfico, especialmente entre dos hosts hay formas más eficaces.

Opción 3

Podemos aprovechar opciones como la de SPAN o Port Mirroring de los switches modernos administrables, básicamente esta modalidad copia el tráfico de dos puertos a un tercero, en el cual ubicariamos el sniffer.

Sin embargo esto implica una gran carga de procesamiento para el switch, lo que en una red en producción, con gran carga de tráfico se vuelva una opción no del todo aceptable.

Opción 4

Si estamos interceptando el tráfico entre dos hosts a traves de un switch antiguo y/o no administrable, o que simplemente no soporte Port Mirroring deberemos considerar el conectar un hub al switch donde dejaremos uno de los host a sniffear. En este hub conectaremos, en un puerto el otro host a sniffear y el sniffer propiamente dicho.

Esto permitira el ver todo el tráfico entre ambos host ademas del tráfico de broadcast/multicast.

Sin embargo esta opción puede dar problemas y no es aconsejable.

Opción 5

Otra opción, considerada de naturaleza pasiva, sería equipar al host sniffer con dos tarjetas de red, una de ellas conectada al switch que aloja a uno de los host a sniffear y otra que se conecta al otro host a sniffear. Sin embargo requiere que el host sniffer este configurado en modo Bridge [7].

Opción 6

Esta opción, es quiza la calificable como SOLUCIÓN, es quiza la más eficiente y aconsejable, aunque a veces la más costosa y quiza incomoda. Consiste en hacer uso de un TAP [8] o "Test Access Port" (Puerto de Acceso de Pruebas). Este dispositivo permite la captura de tráfico de una red conmutada en modalidad pasiva, es decir, no interfiere en el flujo o tráfico de nuestra red.

Bien, sin embargo, antes de despedirme, les recuerdo que la captura de paquetes en una red privada no es siempre considerada legal o dentro de la reglamentación de la empresa que la administra, antes de conectar un sniffer informense y soliciten las autorizaciones necesarias.

Links:

[0] - Sniffer - Wikipedia (ES)
[1] - Topología de red - Wikipedia (ES)
[2] - Hub - Wikipedia (ES)
[3] - Switch - Wikipedia (ES)
[4] - Arp Poison - Wikipedia (ES)
[5] - Gateway - Wikipedia (ES)
[6] - Firewall - Wikipedia (ES)
[7] - Bridge - Wikipedia (ES)
[8] - TAP - Link1 - Link2 - Link3

mapacheUY

Dublin: Europe's Travel Hub

ppimi — Sun, 24 Aug 2008 20:58:21 +0000

by: bossfarhan.blogspot.com

Satu yang best pasal dok oversea ni ialah travel. Maybe ramai yang x tahu, budak2 Dublin (Dubliners haha) kira mmg lucky sebab Dublin ni blhla dikira salah satu travel hub bg Europe untuk budget airlines/ low cost carrier. Sebab adanya Ryanair, sebuah budget airline Irish.

So, dr Dublin, hampir semue tempat kat Europe kita blh pg. Yg plg best, kadang2 kita blh dapat tiket serendah 10 euros(RM 50) one way(all included). Kat Malaysia pon belum tentu blh dpt tiket 50 ringgit kalau flight lebih 2 jam. Nak pg Langkawi dr KL flight x sampai sejam pon dah brape kan kalau naik AirAsia. huhu.. Best tu....

Tp yang kurang best psl Ryanair ni, satu je. Die x fly ke Airport yg terdekat. Contohnya la, kalau Paris, instead of pg airport Charles De Gaulle (CDG) atau Orly yg dekat dgn city, die hanya fly ke Paris Beauvais yang sebenarnya bukan dlm Paris pon. Sejam dr Paris dgn shuttle bus. Tp since tiket die murah, it saves a lot. Naik bus pon 10 euros je. Let say tiket one way 30 + 10 euros. Baru 40. Kalau naik Aerlingus or Air France yang land kat CDG, tiket one way blh confirm lebih 40 euros la.

Btw, Aerlingus ni adalah national airline bagi Ireland. Kalau tgk kapal terbang die pon hijau siap ade Shamrock lg kat tail die. Shamrock ni kire registered trademark Ireland. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock) Asalnya, Aerlingus ni full-frills airline macam Malaysia Airlines la. Tp sebab kat europe ni, trend air travel die berubah, orang lebih consider price dari frills yg x perlu mcm snacks dlm flight, extra baggage allowance dll, so Aerlingus pon jd budget airlines jugak. Tp still fly ke Airport yang utama. Tp x de la sampai Malaysia.

Selalunya, kalau time nak balik Malaysia, sebelum naik Malaysia Airlines kat Paris/London/Frankfurt/Amsterdam, kena naik Aerlingus dulu. Satu yang best naik Aerlingus ni, suasana Irish dia tu. Certain flight, steward dia akan cakap Irish (Gaeilge). Kat Ireland ni especially Dublin, susah nak dengar orang ckp Irish. Sebabnye, Irish pon x ckp Irish. Ish2.

Selain tu, Dublin ni kire top destination bg American. Sebabnya back to history balik, orang American ni ramai jugakla yg berketurunan Irish. Sebabnya ramai Irish yang migrate ke US. Sejak kurun ke 19 sampai la early 1980s masa Ireland x berapa aman dulu. Kira Irish American la diorg ni. And diorg ni kira berjaya jugak. Ramai yang kaya raya. Sebab tu ramai yang datang Dublin. Selain dari Dublin Airport, satu lagi airport; Shannon Airport pon byk flights especially ke US. Sebab tu la byk airlines US yg fly ke Ireland. Delta Airlines, Continental, US Airways dll. Tp x pernah pulak dgr budak Malaysia pg US. Kalau x salah, kalau nak apply VISA pg sane kene bayar 100 euros. Tu pon x confirm dapat. Ish2.

Balik pasal jalan2. Kalau junior2 baru sampai ni, selalunya pg tempat2 yang popular: Paris, London, Spain. Maklumla, dah baru sampai, duit pon JPA ngan MARA mesti bg banyak in advance, hehe! Yang best jalan2 tempat orang ni, banyak pengalaman kita dapat. Macam mana susah nak bercakap dengan orang yg x faham english, macam mana susahnya nak carik halal food, macam mana susahnya nak carik toilet mase tgh emergency. Mcm2 lgla. Tp yg paling best ialah kita dapat tgk culture orang local. Blh rase makanan diorg. (yang halal la yer!) Blh tgk bullfighting kat Spain. Tgk orchestra kat Vienna. Naik gondola di Venice. Best tu....

Selamat travel!!!

Boynq Swing USB Hub

range — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 03:48:43 +0000

This uniquely designed USB hub looks a bit like a Newton cradle. The Boynq Swing suspends four USB ports underneath its striking arch.

My latest from Unplggd...

Viadeo - http://www.viadeo.com/it/profile/giovanni.giordano2

giovannigiordano — Mon, 18 Aug 2008 23:56:57 +0000

www.giovannigiordano.eu

http://www.viadeo.com/it/profile/giovanni.giordano2

Tuli Scrumptious

Cajsa Lilliehook — Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:53:55 +0000

Tuli group gifts are always truly scruptious and this one was particularly so. The Shy makeup of the new Elizabeth skin in all skin tones, I fell in love with the soft blush of the cheeks and the dusting of freckle. I would have dressed in something frilly and femme, but a dear friend had returned to SL after several months hiatus, so we went exploring - and that requires sensible clothing. Sensible, but fun clothing.

Number one on my sensible but fun list are Chucks and the color changing Chucks from Akeyo are superb fun. Adding some jeans from artilleri and a retro print top from the Hub and I was ready to tackle the highest peak. My earrings came from Biensen & Maitai and were perfectly matched by the Digital Dragon Designs necklace Rings & Things.

Photography by Cajsa Lilliehook MDR Photo Studio
****STYLE NOTES******

Eyes: IC-Eyes Soulful Hazel
Skin: Tuli Elizabeth light/Fr. Shy
Love Magic Manicure Pink
JunWave Carnival night
Top" The Hub Mod Print Top 6
Pants artilleri Betsy Green
Shoes: Maitreya Prim Sock Rosy
Shoes&: Aleyo Chucks
Biensen &; Maitai Windhime Earrings Soft
DDDesign Rings: Things Necklace Peach Shine

Exciting New Changes!

smanofsteel76 — Thu, 14 Aug 2008 19:25:49 +0000

I like to take this opportunity to officially announce that I have made some major changes to this blog. Last night I completed most of the changes and I am getting excited about my revised blog. If you're thinking that it doesn't look all that different, think again! Here is what has changed:

1.) The first major change is that I changed the title of the blog. I think I needed to give it a fresh title and since my hope is that my blog will become more and more amazing as time goes on, I changed the title to reflect that attitude.

2.) I also took all five of my pre-existing blogs and merged them back into one blog...this blog. All my previous posts from all of my previous blogs are here and I also updated the categories, which I'll explain in #3.

3.) The categories have changed. Some have been added, some have been taken away, but in the end what I have are categories that make more sense.

4.) I put my "Meebo Me" widget back. I had Meebo here, then I took it away. Now its back, so my readers can chat with me when I am online.

5.) I changed the theme color to a nice black. I think it looks hot. Not literally.

6.) I also updated some of the feeds and badges for other services that I use. I took some off that I really don't use anymore. I added some that I didn't have before.

7.) I also made some minor improvements to make the blog look cleaner and nicer. For example, some of the widget titles that were all caps before are now NOT all caps.

I made these changes hoping that my blog would be more interesting and attract more readers. I also wanted to make my blog my hub for all things me. Plus its just easier to maintain one blog instead of five. In addition, I plan to post more often. My hope is that I can use this blog to stay in touch with family and friends, and also chat with people who share interests in the same subjects as me. I hope you, my readers, enjoy the changes and stay tuned for more updates.