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	<title>cern &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/cern/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "cern"</description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 03:17:31 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[LARGE HADRON COLLIDER NEW COUNTDOWN]]></title>
<link>http://carloshosreport.wordpress.com/?p=156</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 20:58:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>carloshosreport</dc:creator>
<guid>http://carloshosreport.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/large-hadron-collider-new-countdown/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[After the failure,a new countdown for the LHC at http://lhccountdown.info/
Official website at http:]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>After the failure,a new countdown for the LHC at <a href="http://lhccountdown.info/">http://lhccountdown.info/</a></p>
<p>Official website at <a href="http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/">http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/</a></p>
<p>Press release said:</p>
<p>"Geneva, 20 September 2008. During commissioning (without beam) of the final LHC sector (sector 3-4) at high current for operation at 5 TeV, an incident occurred at mid-day on Friday 19 September resulting in a large helium leak into the tunnel. Preliminary investigations indicate that the most likely cause of the problem was a faulty electrical connection between two magnets, which probably melted at high current leading to mechanical failure. CERN<a id="_ftnref1" name="_ftnref1" href="http://carloshosreport.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#_ftn1"> </a>’s strict safety regulations ensured that at no time was there any risk to people.</p>
<p>A full investigation is underway, but it is already clear that the sector will have to be warmed up for repairs to take place. This implies a minimum of two months down time for LHC operation. For the same fault, not uncommon in a normally conducting machine, the repair time would be a matter of days.</p>
<p>Further details will be made available as soon as they are known"</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Temperatura del acelerador LHC]]></title>
<link>http://andresabad.wordpress.com/?p=306</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 10 Oct 2008 07:40:31 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Andrés</dc:creator>
<guid>http://andresabad.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/10/temperatura-del-acelerador-lhc/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Como ya he comentado en algun post anterior, la temperatura en el tunel del LHC cuando empieze a fu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://andresabad.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/naoura-abominable-snow-tux-11685.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-307 aligncenter" title="naoura-abominable-snow-tux-11685" src="http://andresabad.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/naoura-abominable-snow-tux-11685.png" alt="" width="256" height="256" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Como ya he comentado en algun post anterior, la temperatura en el tunel del LHC cuando empieze a funcionar es cercana al cero absoluto, la cual tardan unas 3 semanas en conseguir a traves de diferentes procesos de criogenia.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">En el blog "La hora Cero" han puesto una articulo muy interesante sobre este tema, ademas de proporcionarnos unas graficas que van mostrando el calentamiento del tunel. Digo calentamiento porque como ya todos sabeis el LHC ha tenido una averia y deben repararlo, para lo cual tiene que bajar personal alli, lo que conlleva tener que calentar el tunel para que sea "habitable".</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Aqui teneis el enlace a la noticia: <a href="http://lhcdiario.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/calentando-el-lhc/" target="_blank">La hora Cero: Calentando el LHC</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Por que um acelerador de partículas? Oras, por que não um microscópio? - parte II de…?]]></title>
<link>http://caducando.wordpress.com/?p=160</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 10 Oct 2008 01:10:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>McFly</dc:creator>
<guid>http://caducando.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/10/por-que-um-acelerador-de-particulas-oras-por-que-nao-um-microscopio-parte-ii-de%e2%80%a6/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Esta é continuação de uma série que pretende pôr em pratos mundanos os motivos e experimentaç]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Esta é continuação de uma série que pretende pôr em pratos mundanos os motivos e experimentações realizadas nos laboratórios do CERN e Fermilab, começados em <a title="Por que um acelerador de particulas? - parte I de...?" href="http://caducando.wordpress.com/2008/10/02/por-que-um-acelerador-de-particulas-parte-i-de/" target="_blank">pousté anterior</a>. Em 10 de setembro último, o primeiro feixe de partículas foi acelerado no LHC, mas o novo aparelho ainda não foi inaugurado oficialmente - a <a href="http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR12.08E.html" target="_blank">inauguração oficial</a> está marcada para 21 de outubro -; a boa notícia, para aqueles tantos que aguardam ansiosamente pelo espetáculo do Cáucaso, é o surgimento de problemas técnicos que somente serão devidamente resolvidos por volta de novembro; a sorte dos que pretendem <a href="http://malprg.blogs.com/francoatirador/2005/05/prometeu_acorre.html" target="_blank">acorrentar Prometeu</a> ainda antes do roubo (todos que estão movendo ações na justiça para que não sejam feitos experimentos no LHC) é que também em novembro todos os experimentos e aceleradores do CERN são desligados para uma necessária manutenção anual, ou seja, todos os outros equipamentos de que o LHC depende estarão desligados quando o LHC estiver novamente apto ao funcionamento: a experimentação somente tornará a acontecer por volta de março de 2009.</p>
[caption id="attachment_162" align="aligncenter" width="510" caption="Prometeu sendo acorrentado por Vulcano (obra de Dick Van Barburen, no acervo do Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/"]<a href="http://caducando.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/prometheus_being_chained_by_vulcan.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-162    " title="Prometeus sendo acorrentado por Vulcano, tendo Hermes por testemunha" src="http://caducando.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/prometheus_being_chained_by_vulcan.jpg?w=510" alt="Prometeus sendo acorrentado por Vulcano, tendo Hermes por testemunha" width="510" height="570" /></a>[/caption]
<p style="text-align:justify;">Parece-me que consegui deixar claro que experimentos em que partículas colidem vêm sendo usados como forma de sondar o que é a matéria em suas estruturas mais fundamentais (o núcleo atômico foi proposto por causa dos resultados obtidos a partir do choque de partículas alfa e uma fina chapa metálica, como disse no primeiro pousté desta série). A diferença entre aquelas primeiras experiências e essas realizadas nos aceleradores atuais - ao menos a diferença que precisa ser citada agora - é que as partículas alfa não eram aceleradas por nenhum aparato humano, sua aceleração resultava de um fenômeno que ocorria, nas experiências de então, naturalmente, independente de ação humana. O fenômeno continua a ocorrer na natureza, mas não possibilita resultados tão interessantes quanto aqueles obtidos nos aceleradores de partículas.</p>
<p>Pretendo, neste, deixar clara a razão técnica para que os experimentos façam uso de aceleradores de partículas.</p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h3>Mas e os microscópios? </h3>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Já falei tanto em esmiuçar a estrutura da matéria e em momento algum citei microscópios, não é mesmo? O senso comum, o que aprendemos na escola e no nosso dia-a-dia, nos mostra que se queremos ver algo melhor ou, em outras palavras, se queremos ter a ilusão de ver ampliada uma estrutura pequena, devemos usar lentes. Pois é: quando falo na ilusão de ver uma estrutura ampliada (poderia ser qualquer coisa: um texto, um desenho, um conjunto de células, etc.), estou me referindo ao fato de que o objeto em si não é aumentado, somente sua imagem muda.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Aqueles que têm mais idade devem se lembrar do vovô lendo o jornal usando uma <a href="http://efisica.if.usp.br/otica/basico/instrumentos/lupa/" target="_blank">lupa</a> e, claro, nem preciso falar das tantas pessoas que usam óculos; é possível, ainda, que tenham tido ao menos uma aula de biologia em laboratório, em que viam alguma estrutura orgânica pelo microscópio. Microscópios são ótimos, mas eles não servem pra se observar qualquer coisa, em qualquer ordem de tamanho. O mesmo vale para os telescópios.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">(As explicações tendem a ficar mais e mais complicadas. Não tem muito jeito, prometo me esforçar em ser claro.)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Farei uso da física aprendida no colegial, só pra dizer que enxergamos objetos porque eles refletem luz; é o que nos ensina a <a href="http://efisica.if.usp.br/otica/basico/geometrica/cotidiano/" target="_blank">óptica geométrica</a>. O que não nos ensinam quando aprendemos óptica geométrica - melhor falar por mim: não me recordo das aulas, do tempo em que estive no colégio - relaciona-se à escala de tamanho do que podemos enxergar com nossos olhos, mesmo que usando lentes. Simplesmente aprendemos que conseguimos ver algumas coisas e outras não.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Em geral esse tipo de falha acontece porque não temos claras as relações da natureza em nossa cabeça: não vamos à escola pra aprender, mas pra decorar. O professor, bem, em geral ele passou pelo mesmo processo, só que recebendo maior quantidade de informações. Perdemos assim a oportunidade de criar relações e nos apropriarmos de um determinado assunto, traduzindo-o em termos familiares e de nossa própria compreensão. É daí que surge a propriedade sobre um assunto qualquer, o domínio do assunto.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Continuemos: o fato é que o que enxergamos depende diretamente do comprimento de onda da luz. Acredito que algum de vocês tenha pensado: -"Ei, mas não estávamos falando em óptica geométrica? Aquela em que desenhamos raiozinhos indo de um lado pro outro?"</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Estamos desaprendendo, aqui: a ciência dá suas voltas e às vezes duas formas diferentes de descrever o mundo podem conviver sem maiores problemas, como está acontecendo agora. Pois é. Muito poderia ser dito sobre o comportamento da luz, mas serei breve em nome da objetividade: a luz é uma onda eletromagnética. A luz que nosso cérebro consegue interpretar, a luz visível, consiste numa estreitíssima faixa de todo o espectro eletromagnético.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">As ondas de transmissão de rádio, as microondas que usamos para esquentar comida no aparelho de microondas, o calor de uma fogueira (<a title="em inglês, sorry!" href="http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/infrared.html" target="_blank">luz infravermelha</a>), a luz ultravioleta que procuramos evitar quando saímos num dia ensolarado, os exames de raios-X que fazemos pra saber se quebramos algum osso ou como está nosso pulmão, são exemplos de outras porções do espectro eletromagnético. A diferença entre essas ondas todas é o comprimento da onda, que varia entre os diferentes tipos citados. Outra maneira de dividir o espectro eletromagnético nos permite fazer aproximações; no caso do microscópio, que significa a aplicação de nosso mecanismo natural de visão com o auxílio de lentes, podemos fazer uso da óptica geométrica, porque ela é uma boa aproximação pros casos em que o objeto de estudo é muito maior que o comprimento das ondas usadas na análise do objeto - a luz visível, pra quem está olhando diretamente o objeto  -.</p>
[caption id="attachment_172" align="aligncenter" width="510" caption="Prisma decompondo luz branca em diferentes cores (a luz branca é uma combinação de diferentes cores)"]<a href="http://caducando.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/visible_light_decomposed1.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-172" title="visible_light_decomposed1" src="http://caducando.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/visible_light_decomposed1.jpg?w=510" alt="Prisma decompondo luz branca em diferentes cores" width="510" height="335" /></a>[/caption]
<p>(Nomes, nomes, nomes, temos que aceitá-los. Não pretendo definir tudo, ou o assunto premente se perderá, desculpem)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Pra termos uma idéia da diferença de tamanho entre a faixa de comprimentos de onda da luz visível e o tamanho do átomo, vale construir outras relações.  A luz visível tem um comprimento de onda muito, muito pequeno, quando comparado ao metro ou ao centímetro; dizemos então que ela tem dimensões muitas ordens de grandeza menores que os objetos com os quais costumamos mexer no nosso dia a dia (arredondarei todos os números, por simplicidade: nos preocupemos mais com as ordens de grandeza):  o comprimento da luz visível é dez milhões de vezes (10.000.000) menor que o metro. Numa escala diferente, em que o comprimento de onda da faixa correspondente à luz visível teria cerca de um metro, uma criança de quatro anos teria altura correspondente a aproximadamente a <a href="http://equipefreerunners.blogspot.com/2008/02/homenagem-ao-ultra-maratonista-carlos.html" target="_blank">distância percorrida pelo ultramaratonista Carlos Dias</a>, que atravessou o Brasil do Oiapoque ao Chuí ou, em jargão popular, "de cabo a rabo." Nessa mesma escala, em que o comprimento de onda da faixa da luz visível tem cerca de um metro, o átomo teria mais ou menos um milímetro de tamanho. </p>
<p>Certo, e por que não podemos ver o átomo usando um microscópio? Porque quaisquer estruturas que tenham dimensões menores que o comprimento de onda da luz visível serão, sempre, invisíveis quando observadas através de um microscópio: as lentes do microscópio podem mudar as relações de tamanho da imagem, ampliando-a, mas não mudam o comprimento de onda da luz visível.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">E é aí que entram os aceleradores de partículas. Deixarei este assunto para a próxima postagem...</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Jaarklas 2009 bezoekt het CERN]]></title>
<link>http://jcunieuws.wordpress.com/?p=197</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2008 15:04:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Florine Meijer</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jcunieuws.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/09/jaarklas-2009-bezoekt-het-cern/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Net als vorig jaar heeft de zesde klas van het JCU een excursie gemaakt naar het CERN in Genève. He]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Net als <a href="http://jcunieuws.wordpress.com/2007/10/22/met-de-zesde-klas-naar-het-cern/">vorig jaar</a> heeft de zesde klas van het JCU een excursie gemaakt naar het <a href="http://public.web.cern.ch/public/">CERN</a> in Genève. Helaas konden we de tunnel van de LHC niet in, maar er was toch nog genoeg te zien.</p>
<dl class="wp-caption alignnone">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://img.portal42.net/cern/10_resized.jpg"><img title="Het coating-lab op CERN" src="http://img.portal42.net/cern/10_resized.jpg" alt="Het coating-lab op CERN" width="320" height="240" /></a></dt>
</dl>
<p>JCU-er Jelmer Verkleij schreef een uitgebreid verslag op <a href="http://www.portal42.net/?p=1">zijn website</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>The world was completely taken up by the doomsday predictions of the LHC producing black holes when the first beam tests were done on September 10th. We're not going to see whether those claims are actually correct until next year, because due to a helium leak, the time needed for warming up and cooling down the sector of the leak and the fear of a power surge for the entire Geneva area if CERN tries to pull 180 MW from the power grid in midwinter - however, I got the awesome opportunity to at least see what the place where the apocalypse starts looks like.</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[LHC CERN CRAP - geiles neues video ]]></title>
<link>http://coffeecupz.wordpress.com/?p=519</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2008 12:07:03 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>coffeecupz</dc:creator>
<guid>http://coffeecupz.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/09/lhc-cern-crap-geiles-neues-video/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
dieses video
sagt eigentlich alles aus
was ich dazu noch sagen könnte
wie gesagt
man muss nur den ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/97iRbZ5rzI4'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/97iRbZ5rzI4&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>dieses video</p>
<p>sagt eigentlich alles aus</p>
<p>was ich dazu noch sagen könnte</p>
<p>wie gesagt</p>
<p>man muss nur den CERN FLACHSCHÄDELN ZUHÖREN !!!!!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[FYI Follow-Up Post]]></title>
<link>http://ridiculocity.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/fyi-follow-up-post/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 19:53:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Inexplicably Simple, Indescribably Plain</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ridiculocity.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/fyi-follow-up-post/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Just so you know, last night&#8217;s debate did nothing to reverse my flip-flop. If you didn&#8217;t]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Just so you know, last night's debate did nothing to reverse my flip-flop. If you didn't watch it, I envy you that hour and a half of your life that you allowed yourself to enjoy. I was not so fortunate, and I will NEVER get that time back. At the risk of sounding like that uber-annoying J.G. Wentworth ad, "It's MY 90 minutes, and I need it NOW!"</p>
<p>Anyway, here's a quick summary:<br />
McCain: "Blah, blah, maverick, country first, blah, that guy wants to raise your taxes, blah, I'll get Bin Laden, blah, blah."<br />
Bottom Line: Looked and fought like you'd expect George Foreman to... in 2015.</p>
<p>Obama: "Blah, blah, I'm educated, blah, look at my perfect teeth, I'm so polished, blah, government should do everything for you sorry people, blah, look down my nose, blah."<br />
Bottom Line: Karl Marx, cleverly repackaged to look like JFK and Colin Powell's love child.</p>
<p>Still voting for Bob Barr and Wayne Root, unless, well, at this point... unless Obama gets abducted by aliens who entered our dimension through a wormhole generated by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Not out of some extra-terrestrial determination to undermine our electoral process, mind you, but because they are so highly advanced that they recognize, better than we do, the priceless leadership skills that Barack possesses.</p>
<p>Yeah, and Elvis is mowing my lawn right now in the rain singing a Marilyn Manson song. Yes, in the white leather bell-bottoms.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Gennembrud i kvante-kosmologi: Der eksisterer et spejlvendt univers!]]></title>
<link>http://hodja.wordpress.com/?p=12784</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 18:12:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Skjoldungen</dc:creator>
<guid>http://hodja.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/gennembrud-i-kvante-kosmologi-der-eksisterer-et-spejlvendt-univers/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Omsider giver LHC i Cern resultater: Ligesom elektroner, protoner og kvarker har også vort univers ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Omsider giver LHC i Cern resultater: Ligesom elektroner, protoner og kvarker har også vort univers en omvendt tvilling.</h2>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>West's appetite for attacking Islam knows no bounds</strong><br />
<strong><a title="USAMediaMonitors" href="http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/55644" target="_blank">by Abid Mustafa</a></strong><br />
Tuesday, October 7, 2008</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://hodja.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/crying-baby.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-12787" title="crying-baby" src="http://hodja.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/crying-baby.jpg?w=250" alt="" width="250" height="300" /></a>"Western governments use religious freedom or freedom of expression to pry open societies closed to western values or totally ignore freedom when it does not concur with their interests. In the case of Karimov’s massacre of Muslims in Andijon, the West has chosen to dilute its response, as the protesters were avid practitioners of Islam and not democracy. Such hypocrisy only serves to underscore the perception amongst Muslims that the America and Europe are solely interested in the utter destruction of Islamic values and practices."</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In the latest bout of West’s defamation of Islam, an obscure writer Sherry Jones succeeded in the publication of her book <em>Jewel of Medina</em>, despite vehement protests from Muslim groups around the world. Once again Muslims are expected to subscribe to West’s notion of freedom of expression and respect Sherry’s offensive portrayal of messenger (s.a.w) of Allah with his youngest wife Aisha.Earlier in this year, at least seventeen Danish newspapers vowed to defend freedom of expression and reprinted a cartoon of Prophet Mohammed. The conservative broadsheet Berlingske Tidende wrote in an editorial: "Freedom of expression gives you the right to think, to speak and to draw what you like... no matter how many terrorist plots there are...” It is evident that both Europe and America did not learn anything from the outcry of Muslims that accompanied the newspaper Jyllands-Posten decision to publish the original cartoons in 2005.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In Europe Islam bashing is an epidemic that infected the whole continent. The Dutch government refused to take action against Dutch Member of Parliament Geert Wilders who made a derogatory movie about the Quran. The government defended Wilders‘s actions by citing freedom of expression. France and Germany have imposed a ban on the wearing of hijabs. European security forces routinely harass, arrest and torture Muslims for simply being Muslims. Writers and journalists are free to insult Islam and their right to do so is passionately defended by politicians. Take Oriana Fallaci, the Italian war correspondent wrote a book entitled 'Anger and Pride' in which she described Muslims as 'vile creatures who urinate in baptisteries' and 'multiply like rats'. To the horror of Muslims, Italy's Defence Minister, Antonio Martino, praised Fallaci for having the courage to write the book. In Britain under the guise of freedom and tolerance, government ministers routinely denigrate Islam and set new benchmarks for British Muslims to pledge their loyalty to the state.<br />
Hat tip: TB vis <a title="GoV" href="http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2008/10/gates-of-vienna-news-feed-1072008.html#2363" target="_blank">Gates of Vienna</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ingiustizia al Nobel: esclusi i fisici italiani!!!]]></title>
<link>http://salpetti.wordpress.com/?p=322</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 15:59:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>salpetti</dc:creator>
<guid>http://salpetti.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/ingiustizia-al-nobel-esclusi-i-fisici-italiani/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Sono stati assegnati ieri i premi Nobel per la Fisica (QUI). L&#8217;ambito premio è andato ai fis]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-326" title="premi nobel - Fisica 2008" src="http://salpetti.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/nobel.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="165" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sono stati assegnati ieri i <strong>premi Nobel per la Fisica</strong> (<a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/" target="_blank"><strong>QUI</strong></a>). L'ambito premio <a href="http://www.repubblica.it/2008/10/sezioni/scienza_e_tecnologia/nobel-fisica-2008/nobel-fisica-2008/nobel-fisica-2008.html" target="_blank">è andato</a> ai fisici giapponesi <a href="http://wikipedia.kataweb.it/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" target="_blank">Makoto Kobayashi</a> e <a href="http://wikipedia.kataweb.it/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" target="_blank">Toshihide Maskawa</a> e allo allo statunitense <a href="http://wikipedia.kataweb.it/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" target="_blank">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, ma <strong>subito si sono sollevate polemiche</strong>. L'assegnazione del premio Nobel, infatti, quest'anno è stata amara per l'Italia perché sono state premiate teorie alla cui base ci sta il lavoro di ricercatori italiani che però <strong>non hanno avuto alcun riconoscimento</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">C'erano <strong>due piccoli gruppi di ricercatori</strong> tra i possibili premiati: <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" target="_blank">Nicola Cabibbo</a> insieme a <strong>Kobayashi</strong> e <strong>Maskawa</strong> (per <strong>la scoperta dell’origine della rottura di simmetria </strong>che predice l’esistenza di almeno tre famiglie di <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(particella)" target="_blank">quark</a> in natura) e <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio" target="_blank">Giovanni Lasinio</a> insieme a <strong>Nambu</strong> (per per la scoperta del meccanismo della <strong>rottura spontanea di simmetria nella fisica subatomica</strong>). In tutti e due i casi il premio è arrivato,  ma i nomi italiani sono spariti!!!</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Eppure gli scienziati tagliati fuori <strong>sono assolutamente illustri</strong> e riconosciuti come tali dalla comunità scientifica internazionale (scusate i tecnicismi):</p>
<ol style="text-align:justify;">
<li>Le ricerche di <strong>Nicola Cabibbo</strong> hanno gettato le basi basi per comprendere il fenomeno per cui   quark si mescolano dando origine alle particelle elementari; il suo modello è stato integrato successivamente dai due giapponesi premiati ed è oggi noto appunto come Matrice di <strong>Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa</strong> (<a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrice_CKM" target="_blank">CKM</a>).</li>
<li><strong>Giovanni Lasinio</strong> è riconosciuto come il pioniere della ricerca teorica sulla rottura spontanea di simmetria. Il suo contributo è stato fondamentale per la realizzazione del cosiddetto modello che si chiama, appunto, <strong>Modello di Nambu-Lasinio</strong>.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nessuno è riuscito a spiegarsi questa scelta nell'assegnare i Nobel da parte dell'<strong>Accademia reale di Svezia</strong> (nemmeno la comunità scientifica internazionale che da più parti ha espresso il proprio disappunto, anche il prestigioso <strong>CERN di Givevra</strong>). Perché escludere <strong>solo gli italiani</strong> il cui lavoro è stato sicuramente determinante per l'elaborazione delle teorie premiate?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Prima lo stupore è stato unanime, poi la delusione e la rabbia hanno colpito tutti coloro che in Italia fanno ricerca. <strong>Luciano Maiani</strong>, Presidente del <strong>Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)</strong>, pur non volendo alimentare le polemiche <a href="http://www.instablog.org/ultime/30959.html" target="_blank">ha rilasciato una dichiarazione</a> che per quanto cauta possa essere <strong>equilibrata e pacata </strong>lascia trapelare questo senso di delusione.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Ecco le parole di Maiani: </strong>"<em>La fisica italiana esce molto bene con diverse persone presenti nei passaggio cruciali. Viene nominato Giovanni Lasinio che era stato il collaboratore principale di Nambu nel lavoro fondamentale che ha lanciato questa idea nel mondo della fisica e viene citato correntemente sotto il nome di Nambu-Lasinio. Poi c'è Nicola Cabibbo, senza il suo lavoro gli studi di Kobayashi e Maskawa sarebbero stati impensabili. Cabibbo ha fornito il linguaggio per descrivere queste cose. Trovo giustificata la delusione di miei colleghi, e anche mia, che pensavano che il suo lavoro avrebbe meritato di per sè un premio Nobel, però il giudizio della storia sul lavoro di Cabibbo è stato già dato. È un lavoro che ha segnato l'inizio di una nuova epoca</em>".</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Già <strong>il nostro Paese in quanto a ricerca non sta messo bene</strong> e le migliori teste sono costrette a fuggire all'estero ("fuga di cervelli"). <strong>E' questo l'incoraggiamento che si vuole dare ai giovani ricercatori italiani?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Probabilmente il nostro Paese ha <strong>uno scarso prestigio internazionale</strong> e conta poco nei posti dove si prendono le grandi decisioni. Forse è questo il motivo dell'esclusione degli scienziati italiani. Di certo questa esclusione dal premio Nobel <strong>non è una buona pubblicità per l'Italia</strong> e denigra ulteriormente chi a fatica riesce a fare ricerca qui da noi <strong>in condizioni precarie</strong>...</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Voi che ne pensate?</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[LHC in diagramatic form...]]></title>
<link>http://markdowe.wordpress.com/?p=3058</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 15:51:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>markdowe</dc:creator>
<guid>http://markdowe.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/lhc-in-diagramatic-form/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Pictorial diagram of large hadron collider (LHC). Experiments are temporarily suspended due to an in]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[[caption id="attachment_3057" align="alignleft" width="500" caption="Pictorial diagram of large hadron collider (LHC). Experiments are temporarily suspended due to an infrastructure leak. Work and scientific testing is not now expected to resume until Jan 2009 (MD)."]<img class="size-full wp-image-3057 " title="diagram-of-lhc1" src="http://markdowe.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/diagram-of-lhc1.jpg" alt="Pictorial diagram of large hadron collider (LHC). Experiments are currently suspended due to an infrastructure leak." width="500" height="377" />[/caption]
<p class="mceTemp"> </p>
<p class="mceTemp"><em><span style="color:#3366ff;">For ongoing entries in consideration of the LHC experiments, please visit the following link:</span></em></p>
<div class="mceTemp"><a href="http://markdowe.wordpress.com/2008/09/27/hadron-experiment-and-the-big-bang/">Hadron experiment and the Big Bang </a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Descubren que dañó el LHC]]></title>
<link>http://dazangie.wordpress.com/?p=198</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 06:39:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>daz_angie</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dazangie.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/descubren-que-dano-el-lhc/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lyn Evans, científico responsable, ha llegado a la conclusión de que se debió a un error humano. ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lyn Evans, científico responsable, ha llegado a la conclusión de que se debió a un error humano. Así es, se paralizó el funcionamiento del gran acelerador de partículas por una ensambladura mal colocada.</p>
<p>Lo que causó un recalentamiento por la elevada corriente eléctrica que se utilizaba en ese momento, por lo que unas válvulas se abrieron para dejar escapar la fuerte presión permitiendo una fuga de helio, este último no causa toxicidad.</p>
<p>En una conferencia de prensa, Evans lamentó que "todos los pequeños problemas" del acelerador se hayan "amplificado" por la notoriedad mediática de este experimento. El acelerador cuenta con 10mil ensambladuras y solamente falló una, afectando los sectores 3 y 4, informó Evans.</p>
<p>Así mismo, el científico mencionó que la máquina podría entrar en funcionamiento de nueva cuenta en abril. Y si todo va bien, a finales de mayo se podría hacer la prueba de hacer colisionar los protones a una energía muy elevada.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="http://estaticos03.cache.el-mundo.net/elmundo/imagenes/2008/10/06/1223319733_g_0.jpg" class="aligncenter" width="512" height="341" /></p>
<p>Por otro lado, Maurizio Bona, jefe de la Comisión de Seguridad del CERN, aclaró que el acelerador LHC <strong>no representa ningún peligro para los habitantes de la región donde ha sido construido</strong>, hablando en términos de radioactividad. Además desmintiió acerca de cualquier similitud entre el CERN y una central nuclear, pues se trata de entidades que hacen "exactamene lo contrario".</p>
<p>Las centrales nucleares "utilizan la materia para producir energía, mientras que en el CERN queremos utilizar la energía en cantidades limitadas de haces de partículas para crear una cantidad ínfima de materia", explicó.</p>
<p>Por último debemos recordar que los aceleradores de partículas existen también en hospitales y universidades, claro que en un tamaño diminuto comparado con el CERN.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Όχι στο μποζόνιο του Διαβόλου!]]></title>
<link>http://biggrandma.wordpress.com/?p=429</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 06:17:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Αδίστακτος Βραζιλιάνος</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biggrandma.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/%cf%8c%cf%87%ce%b9-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf-%ce%bc%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%b6%cf%8c%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%bf-%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85-%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%b1%ce%b2%cf%8c%ce%bb%ce%bf%cf%85/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;Την Τετάρτη, 10 Σεπτεμβρίου 2008, άθεοι επιστήμονες α]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>"Την Τετάρτη, 10 Σεπτεμβρίου 2008, άθεοι επιστήμονες από το σιεντολογικονεοπαγανικοκοπρολαγνικό δήθεν επιστημονικό ινστιτούτο ερευνών CERN της Ελβετίας έβαλαν μπρος ένα καλά οργανωμένο σχέδιο. Με τον τεράστιον επιταχυντή αδρονίων-ματζαφλάρι τους, θέλουν όπως λένε να ανακαλύψουν, μεταξύ άλλων, από τι αποτελείται η ύλη, και να αποκαλύψουν και το σωματίδιο του Θεού όπως ονομάζουν αυτοί οι άθεοι υλιστές, το μποζόνιο του Χιγκς. Εμείς ως Χριστιανική Δύναμη βεβαίως και τους κατακρίνουμε, και τους καταριόμαστε μαύρο μποζόνιο να τους φάει το συκώτι και η μόνη σκοτεινή ύλη που θα ανακαλύψουν να είναι η μαύρη μαρμάγκα.</p>
<p>Επίσης, σε όλους αυτούς που δεν πιστεύουν ότι θα μας καταπιεί η μαύρη τρύπα που θα δημιουργηθεί από αυτό το μηχάνημα της Αποκάλυψης, έχουμε να πούμε το εξής: Μην πείτε ότι δε νιώσατε λίγο αδύναμα τα πόδια σας σήμερα το πρωί. Είναι φανερό ότι κάτι παίχτηκε εκεί στα γαλλοελβετικά σύνορα. Κάποια πύλη της Κολάσεως πήγε να ανοίξει. Είθε ο Θεός να βρέξει TOTAL 0% στα κεφάλια τους και να τους καούν τα Blu-ray Discs. Φωτιά και γιαούρτι στους εχθρούς μας! Καταραμένοι να είναι!"</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Αυτό είναι κομμάτι από εσωτερικό έγγραφο Αυτών Που Κάνουν Μπάνιο Τον Αύγουστου Φορώντας Μαύρο Ολόσωμο Και Κυτταρίτιδα. Στο μεταξύ από τότε, ο LHC έχει χαλάσει, ξαναχαλάσει, οι κεντρικοί servers έχουν πέσει θύμα hackers και πλέον, είναι εκτός λειτουργίας.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Einsam]]></title>
<link>http://aprikose.wordpress.com/?p=152</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 21:31:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>aprikose</dc:creator>
<guid>http://aprikose.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/einsam/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Es ist spät in der Nacht, ich sitze einsam im Zimmer. Seit einigen Stunden schon sind meine Freunde]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Es ist spät in der Nacht, ich sitze einsam im Zimmer. Seit einigen Stunden schon sind meine Freunde nach Hause gegangen, zu ihren Familien, Lebenspartnern und anderen Freunden. Draussen hört man ab und zu den Wind, ein weit entferntes Auto oder ein Lachen in der Dunkelheit. Das Klappern der Tastatur ist allgegenwärtig, jedoch abnehmend. Seufzend lehne ich mich zurück, entspanne meinen Rücken, massiere meine Schläfen kurz. Ich bin trotzdem nicht zufrieden mit meiner Arbeit, weil ich mehr könnte und es auch weiss. Aber das ist im Moment egal. Denn seit einer Weile schon sehe ich dein Bild vor meinem inneren Auge, höre dein Lachen, deine tolle Stimme, die mich jeden Tag aufs Neue verzaubern könnte. Kann mich gar nicht mehr auf die Arbeit konzentrieren, selbst wenn ich wollte. Erneutes Seufzen. <!--more--></p>
<p>Draussen auf den Gängen ist es still. Von weit her hört man das charakteristische Klacken der Billiardkugeln. Die Atmosphäre hat etwas Erhabenes, Beruhigendes. Ich mag diese Ruhe, denn ich kann so am besten arbeiten. Aber auch am besten nachdenken. Meine Kommunikationswerkzeuge sind abgeschaltet, ich möchte jetzt keinen Kontakt. Ich starre Löcher in den Bildschirm. Nach einer Weile wird es dunkel im Raum, als das Licht wie zu jeder vollen Stunde langsam abblendet. Erst jetzt höre ich, wie es überall im Gebäude knackt und knarzt, es ächzt, als wäre es lebendig. Der Laptop leuchtet grell in der Dunkelheit, aber es stört mich nicht. Es ist wie ein Leuchtfeuer, das mich am Leben hält, wie dein Sein, das mich lieben lässt. Ich starre viele schwarze Löcher in die Wand.</p>
<p>Wie von alleine wandert der Mauszeiger zur Musikbox, sucht, findet. Einige Takte sind zu hören, dann stehe ich auf. Laufe langsam im Raum umher, höre mir deine Lieblingsband an. Und meinen Lieblingssong von ihr. Schaue zurück auf mein Leuchtfeuerlaptop. Frage mich, womit ich jemanden wie dich verdienen könnte. Ich schaue nach draussen, in die pechschwarze Nacht, und es ist nichts zu sehen. Langsam gewöhnen sich meine Augen an die Dunkelheit, und ich sehe die Sterne. Ich mochte sie schon immer. Jetzt erinnern sie mich an dich. Stolz und anmutig bringen sie ihr Licht, sind unergründlich und auf eine rätselhafte Weise faszinierend. Und unerreichbar.</p>
<p>Die drei Minuten des Songs erscheinen mir wie eine kleine Ewigkeit. Ich kenne den Text auswendig, traue mich aber nicht, mitzusingen. Lasse die Worte widerhallen. "I just need a little time". Etwas melancholisch setze ich mich auf den Stuhl in der Ecke, neben dem Fenster. Ich schliesse die Augen, wippe im Klang der sehnsuchtsvollen Melodie. Stelle mir vor, wie es wäre. Mit dir. Ohne dich. Mit dir. Mit uns. Ich starre mehr schwarze Löcher in die Decke, als das CERN jemals produzieren könnte, frage mich, wo du bist und was du tust. Ob du an mich denkst. <a href="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/to_be_wanted.png" target="_self">Ob du denkst, ob ich an dich denke.</a> Mehr würde ich nicht wollen. Die Musik blendet ab, wie das Licht zuvor, und das Leuchtfeuer trotzt schweigend der Finsternis.</p>
<p>Dann glaube ich deine Stimme zu vernehmen, als wärst du hier. Belustigt, ein klein wenig genervt. "Das ist doch so kitschig, jetzt hör schon auf!"<br />
Ich lache. Ja, was für abgrundtief kitschige Romantik. So bin ich doch gar nicht. Schalte das Licht wieder ein und setze mich wieder an die Arbeit, einsam im Zimmer, und sehe zu, dass ich den letzten Bus nach Hause erwische. Die Tastatur klappert.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Piled Higher &amp; Deeper (PhD Comic)]]></title>
<link>http://kvams.wordpress.com/?p=104</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 19:02:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kvams</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kvams.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/piled-higher-deeper/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As I am a PhD Student in economics  it may not be surprising that I find the PhD Comic very funny]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As I am a PhD Student in economics  it may not be surprising that I find the <a title="Piled Higher &#38; Deeper" href="http://www.phdcomics.com/comics.php" target="_blank">PhD Comic</a> very funny. It originates from a student newspaper published at Stanford University in the US, I think. The comic is set among a group of PhD Students in computer science or thereabouts, but PhD Students (or grad students as they are called in the US) from any field, former or present, will probably recognize most of the stuff going on. To everyone else it offers a glimpse of some of the troubles most PhD Students struggles with at some point or another.</p>
<p><a title="PhD Comic on financial crisis" href="http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1077" target="_blank">This strip</a> and the next (click on 'next') addresses the financial crisis (I had to mention those). The second strip is certainly food for thought! (Any suggestions on what the graph can tell about the quality of people going into PhD studies?)</p>
<p>And <a title="PhD Comic in CERN" href="http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1066" target="_blank">here</a> is the first of five consecutive strips about a visit to <a title="CERN homepage" href="http://public.web.cern.ch/public/" target="_blank">CERN</a> and the largest particle accelerator in the world. The strips were published around the time when they started up a new series of experiments <a title="Particle accelerator safe" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/21/science/21blackhole.html" target="_blank">held to produce dooms day</a>; not a coincident I guess.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[El fallo que ha puesto fuera de funcionamiento al LHC se debió a un error humano]]></title>
<link>http://noespocacosa.wordpress.com/?p=1168</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 02:24:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mss</dc:creator>
<guid>http://noespocacosa.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/el-fallo-que-ha-puesto-fuera-de-funcionamiento-al-lhc-se-debio-a-un-error-humano/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[El acelerador de partículas (Gran Colisionador de Hadrones-LHC), que comenzó a funcionar el pasado]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1174" title="cern_lhc_t2030shigh" src="http://noespocacosa.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/cern_lhc_t2030shigh.jpeg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="195" />El acelerador de partículas (<strong><a href="http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html" target="_blank">Gran Colisionador de Hadrones-LHC</a></strong>), que comenzó a funcionar el pasado día 10 de Septiembre estará fuera de servicio durante al menos dos meses debido a que se produjo una gran fuga de helio en un sector del túnel del LHC.  </p>
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<p>Ahora se sabe que el fallo que obligó a paralizar el funcionamiento del acelerador de partículas LHC, el más grande y poderoso de la historia, se debió a <strong>una ensambladura que no estaba bien colocada, muy probablemente a causa un error humano</strong>, dijo hoy Lyn Evans, responsable del proyecto.</p>
<p>Ese fallo causó un recalentamiento, por la elevada corriente eléctrica que se utilizaba en ese momento, y unas válvulas que se abrieron para dejar escapar la fuerte presión permitieron también la fuga de helio, un elemento sin toxicidad, agregó.</p>
<p><strong>"Todos los pequeños problemas"</strong></p>
<p>El pasado 10 de septiembre, los científicos del Laboratorio Europeo de Física de Partículas (CERN) inyectaron por primera vez y con éxito en el acelerador LHC un haz de millones de protones y lograron que diese una vuelta completa<strong> al túnel circular subterráneo de 27 kilómetros</strong>, para luego hacer lo mismo con un segundo haz introducido en dirección opuesta.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, días después se detectó un fallo que fue remediado rápidamente, pero el día 20 ocurrió el incidente que hoy se sabe casi con certeza se debió a una ensambladura mal puesta.</p>
<p>En una conferencia de prensa, Evans lamentó que "todos los pequeños problemas" del acelerador se hayan "amplificado" por la notoriedad mediática de este experimento, que se realiza en la frontera franco-suiza.</p>
<p>El acelerador<strong> cuenta con 10.000 ensambladuras</strong> y solamente una falló, según Evans, que defendió que "esta máquina es una joya".</p>
<p>La zona afectada se encuentra entre los sectores 3 y 4 del acelerador, ubicado debajo de la cadena montañosa del Jura.</p>
<p>El científico reafirmó que el acelerador podría ponerse a funcionar nuevamente en abril, después de que haya sido reparado y cuando haya pasado el receso invernal en el funcionamiento de las instalaciones (entre diciembre y marzo), un periodo que se utiliza para realizar tareas de mantenimiento.</p>
<p><strong>"Entrará en el presupuesto"</strong></p>
<p>Esa pausa es necesaria también para economizar energía, señaló el físico, quien explicó que en esa época del año el coste de la energía se multiplica por diez.</p>
<p>Evans consideró que "si todo va bien" a finales de mayo se podría acometer la prueba de hacer colisionar los protones a una energía elevada, que es el desafío de fuego de este gran experimento, con el que se intenta comprobar los elementos fundamentales de la materia y su manera de interactuar.</p>
<p>Por su parte, el portavoz del CERN, <strong>James Gillies</strong>, señaló que se espera que los expertos puedan entrar esta semana en el sector del acelerador donde ocurrió la avería y realizar un balance completo del estado del acelerador antes de su inauguración, prevista para el próximo día 21.</p>
<p>Declinó cuantificar el coste económico que tendrá la reparación de la avería, pero adelantó que ello "entrará en el presupuesto" de la institución y que no se pedirá ninguna contribución extraordinaria a los países miembros.</p>
<div>Fuente: <a href="http://www.adn.es/ciencia/20081006/NWS-2679-acelerador.html" target="_blank">adn.es</a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Ciencia demente]]></title>
<link>http://alexpantarei.wordpress.com/?p=270</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 00:46:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Alejandro Delgado</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alexpantarei.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/ciencia-demente/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
      Un grupo de científicos americanos ha publicado un estudio en el que se afirma que los ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://alexpantarei.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/cern.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-269" title="cern" src="http://alexpantarei.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/cern.jpg" alt="" width="497" height="289" /></a></p>
<p>      Un grupo de científicos americanos ha publicado un estudio en el que se afirma que los incendios forestales, en contra de lo que parece dictar el sentido común, pueden paliar los efectos del cambio climático. Según estos buenos señores, el humo que liberan tales incendios "reduce la cantidad de radiación solar que alcanza la superficie", contrarrestando "el calentamiento provocado por la acumulación en la atmósfera de gases de efecto invernadero". La lectura de la noticia me ha producido una sensación mixta de estupor e hilaridad no menor a la que me hubiese provocado leer que los médicos aconsejan a sus pacientes castrarse, para prevenir el cáncer de testículo. Pero estoy seguro de que, detrás de tan rocambolesca noticia, existe un concienzudo informe, elaborado tras años de minuciosísima investigación, plagado de datos que corroboran las conclusiones y de alambicados razonamientos que refuerzan con aplastante lógica tan desquiciada hipótesis.</p>
<p>      Recuerdo que, cuando era niño, se impuso la idea -también fundada en estudios científicos- de que el aceite de girasol era benéfico para la salud, en oposición al perjudicial aceite de oliva; hoy la ciencia nos dice exactamente lo contrario. Y lo mismo podría predicarse de multitud de alimentos: en nuestros días, por ejemplo, se ha impuesto la creencia de que la leche de vaca y sus derivados son poco menos que veneno inyectado en vena; y cada día se urden en los laboratorios sucedáneos de leche, o leches reducidas a la radiografía, que suplen las aportaciones minerales de alimento tan básico.</p>
<p>      Los niños de generaciones anteriores a la actual crecimos con la convicción de que beber un vaso de leche era garantía de un crecimiento saludable; y en  épocas de hambruna, la leche llegó a ser el emblema de una utopía de estómags satisfechos (el Plan Marshall, por ejemplo, incluyó entre sus productos estelares la leche en polvo y la mantequilla). Tal vez dentro de unos años, otro estudio científico vuelva a decirnos que sin leche no existe dieta equilibrada; y entonces volveremos a beber leche como si en ello nos fuera la vida. La ciencia parece dispuesta a demostrar esto y lo otro, siendo lo otro lo contrario; y mañana podrá sin empacho alguno desdecirse y demostrar que lo opuesto a lo contrario es lo cierto, en un tirabuzón enloquecido y sin fin. Y todo ello bajo un manto de inapelable respetabilidad; si alguien osa poner en duda tan contradictorias conclusiones, de inmediato es tachado de retrógrado y medieval. Sirvan como muestra las flores que la infatuada ciencia dedicó a quienes pusieron reparos a la experimentación con células madre embrionarias, proponiendo a cambio que se experimentase con células madre adultas; ahora la infatuada ciencia empieza a desestimar las células embrionarias, menos viables que las adultas, pero entretanto se ha infudido a la gente lega la convicción de que negarse a experimentar con embriones es algo así como afirmar que la Tierra es plana.</p>
<p>      Cada año se conceden los premios <strong><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Ig_Nobel" target="_blank">IgNobel</a></strong>, a semejanza paródica de los Nobel, que distinguen las investigaciones más desquiciadas o inútiles, más descacharrantes o absurdas. No se trata de investigaciones perpetradas por discípulos descarriados de aquel doctor Franz de Copenhage que ilustraba las páginas del TBO, sino por científicos adscritos a universidades de rancio abolengo. Más allá de su intención jocosa, tales premios nos revelan que la ciencia, encumbrada en los altares del Progreso, empieza a parecerse peligrosamente a una sucursal de la locura. Y, ciertamente, si repasamos el elenco de investigaciones galardonadas con el IgNobel, podemos llegar a la conclusión de que la ciencia se está convirtiendo a velocidad de vértigo en un concurrido manicomio; pero si hacemos un seguimiento de la prensa de cada día y de las noticias de índole científica que acoge, nuestra impresión no es muy diferente. Es como si la ciencia, empeñada en satisfacer una demanda creciente que le asigna el papel de oráculo, hubiese entrado en una fase de cortocircuito neuronal; como si, sobrepasada por la promesa que nos hizo de desvelar hasta el más recóndito repliegue del universo, hubiese empezado a pegarse topetazos con una pared en la que no puede abrir brecha y, lejos de cejar en su loco empeño, estuviese dispuesta a descornarse, hasta convertir su fracaso en una suerte de orgullosa demencia. Que, por supuesto, se nos vende como sacrosanta cordura, aunque lo repudie nuestro sentido común.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><strong>-Juan Manuel de Prada-</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:right;"><strong><em><a href="http://www.xlsemanal.com/web/firma.php?id_edicion=3507&#38;id_firma=7170" target="_blank">XLSemanal, 5 de Octubre de 2008</a></em></strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Investigadores que participan en el experimento LHC del CERN se reúnen en Santander ]]></title>
<link>http://portalhispano.wordpress.com/?p=1324</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 23:31:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>portalhispano</dc:creator>
<guid>http://portalhispano.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/investigadores-que-participan-en-el-experimento-lhc-del-cern-se-reunen-en-santander/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Investigadores que participan en el experimento LHC del CERN se reúnen en Santander
La reunión se ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Investigadores que participan en el experimento LHC del CERN se reúnen en Santander<br />
La reunión se centra en el análisis de la partícula de Higgs supersimétrica en el LHC </strong></p>
<p><strong></strong><br />
<a href="http://portalhispano.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/ac_detector_fermilab.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1325" title="ac_detector_fermilab" src="http://portalhispano.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/ac_detector_fermilab.jpg" alt="" width="328" height="270" /></a></p>
<p>El Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), centro mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y la Universidad de Cantabria (UC), albergará a partir de mañana, 7 de octubre, y hasta el próximo viernes día 10 un encuentro científico bajo el título ‘Física del Bosón de Higgs en el LHC’ (MSSM Higgs Physics at the LHC).</p>
<p>Organizada por el IFCA, y patrocinada por el CSIC y por la Universidad de Cantabria, esta reunión congregará en Santander a investigadores de renombre internacional en el campo de la búsqueda de la partícula de Higgs en el recientemente inaugurado experimento LHC del CERN, en Ginebra.</p>
<p>Así, a lo largo de esta semana en el Instituto de Física se debatirá sobre los aspectos fundamentales de la búsqueda de la partícula de Higgs en el Large Hadron Collider (LHC) en Ginebra. Además, se analizarán las estrategias de búsqueda en los distintos experimentos que tienen lugar en el LHC. En esta reunión se discutirán las predicciones de la Física Teórica y se compararan con las estrategias de búsqueda que se han implementado en los detectores de partículas del LHC. La conferencia, organizada por el investigador del CSIC, el Dr. Sven Heinemeyer, se centra en el análisis de las partículas de Higgs supersimétrica, la teoría que podría explicar la materia oscura observada en el Universo.</p>
<p><strong>Una ardua búsqueda</strong></p>
<p>Los estudios y trabajos de investigación sobre la partícula de Higgs se extienden ya durante más de 40 años. En esta búsqueda están participando miles de investigadores, entre ellos el grupo de ‘Física de Partículas’ del IFCA, que participa en el experimento LHC. Sin la partícula de Higgs todas las demás partículas elementales que forman la materia de que esta hecho el universo no tendrían masa y la vida, según la conocemos, no sería posible.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/mz-FQyoT4Qk'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/mz-FQyoT4Qk&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Encontrar la partícula de Higgs sería un descubrimiento de importancia capital, no solamente para la Física de Partículas, pero, sobre todo, para el entendimiento profundo de los mecanismos que gobiernan fundamentalmente la naturaleza...sigue</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/_RUy9Xx2YKY'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/_RUy9Xx2YKY&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/_J5m4Gvo7wU'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/_J5m4Gvo7wU&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>LEER mas en <a href="http://www.unican.es/WebUC/Internet/Noticias_y_novedades/Noticias/20081006+d.htm">Universidad de Cantabria</a></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/-hKJjrb2_Oc'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/-hKJjrb2_Oc&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Date set for restart of Large Hadron Collider]]></title>
<link>http://starbucksgirl.wordpress.com/?p=1717</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 23:29:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>starbucksgirl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://starbucksgirl.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/date-set-for-restart-of-large-hadron-collider/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Large Hadron Collider will be turned on again at the beginning of April, according to Cern dir]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><strong>The Large Hadron Collider will be turned on again at the beginning of April, according to Cern director general Robert Aymar.</strong></p>
<p>The LHC, the world's most powerful particle accelerator, was built by the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (Cern) to conduct experiments to test fundamental physics theories and to search for important new science such as the Higgs Boson. The particle beam machine, located at the border between France and Switzerland, was first powered up on 10 September, but the experiment had to be closed down on 19 September after a malfunction caused a leak of liquid helium.</p>
<p>Aymar said that at the moment the scientists at Cern do not know what caused the leak, as the equipment, which needs to be cooled to 1.9° above absolute zero to operate, still had to heat up to room temperature to be examined.</p>
<p>"We have to perform a test, but we cannot believe a magnet is faulty," Aymar told ZDNet.co.uk. "At the moment we think it is an [electrical] connection. We have thousands of connections and they can't all be tested in situ. We'll see after the magnet returns to room temperature."</p>
<p>James Gillies, head of communications at Cern, told ZDNet.co.uk that each magnet in the LHC was tested before it was switched on, but not the electrical and vacuum connections. "What seems to have happened is that one spliced between two connects failed, which broke the superconducting cable," he said.<!-- MB260495593 --></p>
<p>Gillies described what Cern believes happened after the cable broke: "We had helium liquid leaking, going from a liquid to a gaseous state. A lot of helium was lost. It expands, so there was an increase in pressure, and a lot of mechanical damage. We're pretty sure the extent of the damage was manageable."</p>
<p>The LHC will come back online at the <strong>beginning of April</strong> [2009], after a period of maintenance. Aymar said that from the 15 November to the beginning of April, all the accelerators are closed down each year for maintenance. The closure period also reduces the winter load on the French power grid, which normally supplies the experiment.</p>
<p>"In general we call [the closure period] 'consolidation', but really we have to do it otherwise they would fall apart," Aymar said.</p>
<p>Aymar spoke to ZDNet.co.uk at the official launch of grid computing at Cern on Friday. However, the grid-computing system has been running since 2003.</p></blockquote>
<p>sourche: <a href="http://news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39497764,00.htm?r=11">ZDNET.co.uk</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Cern goes live with world's biggest grid]]></title>
<link>http://starbucksgirl.wordpress.com/?p=1714</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 23:26:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>starbucksgirl</dc:creator>
<guid>http://starbucksgirl.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/cern-goes-live-with-worlds-biggest-grid/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[

The world&#8217;s largest computing grid has been formally inaugurated at Cern, the Geneva particl]]></description>
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<blockquote><p>The world's largest computing grid has been formally inaugurated at Cern, the Geneva particle physics research centre that is home to the Large Hadron Collider [LHC] experiment.</p>
<p>The LHC computing grid has been developed over the past five years as the third key element of the project to study the sub-atomic particles created in the instant following the Big Bang.</p>
<p>Accelerators that smash particles together at near light-speed, detectors that search through the debris from those collisions, and the computing grid itself will together be used to understand the nature of the universe.</p>
<p>"The LHC computing grid forms an unprecedented computational and storage device," said Cern director general Robert Aymar.</p>
<p>The grid connects 140 data centres in 33 countries into a single processing entity for use by more than 7,000 scientists worldwide, who will be analysing the estimated 15 petabytes [15 million gigabytes] of data produced by the LHC every year.</p>
<p>The grid was due to start capturing and processing data from the LHC but live use has been delayed by a helium leak in the giant underground ring beneath Geneva that caused the experiment to be temporarily shut down on 10 September. It will restart in spring 2009.</p>
<p>Cern is currently running tests and simulations, processing some 50,000 jobs at any time.</p>
<p>"The worldwide LHC computing grid is a vital pillar of the LHC project," said Jos Engelen, chief scientific officer for the LHC project.</p>
<p>"It is an absolute necessity for analysis of the LHC data. It is the result of a silent revolution in large-scale computing over the last five years."</p>
<p>Much of the research and development that has gone into creating the grid, involving HP, Intel and Oracle, is likely to lead to new developments in business technology in the coming years.</p>
<p>"The significance of the LHC computing grid goes well beyond the LHC," said Ian Bird, leader of the grid project. "Many other researchers are already benefiting from the lessons learned here."</p></blockquote>
<p>source: <a href="http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2227484/cern-goes-live-world-biggest">computing.co.uk</a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Mister Higgs e la fine del mondo]]></title>
<link>http://duemiladodici.wordpress.com/?p=274</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 22:03:28 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>duemiladodici</dc:creator>
<guid>http://duemiladodici.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/mister-higgs-e-la-fine-del-mondo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[di Pasquale Dario Serpico
Quest&#8217;estate, forse per allontanare lo spettro dell&#8217;enorme buc]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>di Pasquale Dario Serpico</em></p>
<p>Quest'estate, forse per allontanare lo spettro dell'enorme buco che si è aperto nei mercati finanziari internazionali o forse per la solita ricerca dello <strong>scoop da ombrellone</strong>, è impazzata in TV, radio, giornali e soprattutto in rete la catastrofica previsione che l' <strong>acceleratore LHC </strong>in fase di completamento a Ginevra avrebbe portato presto alla <strong>fine del mondo</strong> per inghiottimento da buco nero "artificialmente" prodotto.</p>
<p>Nonostante il trambusto, <strong>si e' parlato poco e male di cio' per cui l' LHC e' stato davvero costruito</strong>. E’ il caso di sfatare qualche mito: lo scopo primario dell' LHC non  e’  di "ricreare le condizioni dell' universo subito dopo il Big Bang", tantomeno di produrre buchi neri. L' LHC (il Grande Collisore Adronico, in soldoni "di protoni") è concepito per farci capire quale sia<strong> l' origine della massa</strong> delle particelle elementari (come l'elettrone o i quarks).</p>
<p>Uno dei grandi successi della fisica delle particelle degli ultimi trent'anni e' di aver decifrato la <strong>struttura delle forze</strong> con cui le particelle interagiscono, che e' strettamente legata ad affascinanti simmetrie di natura. Ad esempio, gran parte della massa degli oggetti attorno a noi è dovuta alla cosiddetta "colla forte", piuttosto che alle masse dei quarks che sono i costituenti dei protoni e neutroni (a loro volta costituenti dei nuclei atomici) o degli elettroni.</p>
<p>Eppure, <strong>non e' ancora stato provato </strong>a cosa sia dovuta la massa delle particelle elementari: si ritiene che sia dovuta all’ nterazione che le diverse particelle hanno con un campo che permea l’ universo, il <strong>campo di Higgs</strong>. Parlando per metafore, immaginatelo come un mare in cui le particelle, propagandosi, acquistino inerzia: quelle più lisce scorrono più veloci e ci appaiono leggere, quelle più ruvide più pesanti. Tutte le altre proprietà delle particelle (ad esempio la loro carica elettrica, la loro interazione nucleare, ecc.) sono insensibili a quanto siano…ruvide.</p>
<p>Questo rende l’ Higgs un campo molto particolare, che conosce qualche <strong>segreto </strong>in maniera esclusiva, il che rende eccitante studiarlo. Ora, se in una collisione si rilascia <strong>abbastanza energia</strong>, si dovrebbe produrre una particella… “fatta di questo mare”. Questa "<strong>particella di Higgs</strong>" (semplicemente Higgs per gli amici) è la principale <strong>prova mancante</strong> all’ attuale teoria delle particelle elementari.</p>
<p>Tuttavia, anche la sua scoperta sarebbe solo <strong>l'inizio di una nuova storia</strong>.  Sebbene in sua presenza  le masse sono incluse in maniera consistente nella teoria, <strong>non sappiamo spiegarci perché abbiano i valori che hanno</strong>: tipicamente, i fisici si aspettano che tale mistero sia risolto in termini di qualche "simmetria" per il momento nascosta, su cui l' LHC potrebbe gettar luce. Ancor più intrigante è  forse la questione del perchè l' Higgs stesso sia abbastanza leggero da poter essere <strong>prodotto in laboratorio </strong>(infatti se la teoria che abbiamo e' consistente, sappiamo che l' Higgs *deve* essere prodotto all' LHC). A causa delle sue proprieta’ singolari, l’ Higgs dovrebbe essere sensibile a qualsiasi  fisica ignota anche ad energie altissime (come ci si aspetta che sia la gravita’ quantistica), assumendo valori di massa molto elevati.</p>
<p>Esistono varie congetture su come risolvere questo problema, tra cui la più gettonata è che le particelle che osserviamo abbiano dei "<strong>partner pesanti</strong>" con proprietà complementari (ad ogni "forza" corrisponderebbe una particella di "materia" e viceversa) nota come <strong>Supersimmetria</strong>; se esistesse ad energie esplorabili dall’ LHC, essa schermerebbe l’ Higgs da questa attrazione malsana per scale di energia elevate.</p>
<p>In alcuni di questi scenari si prevedono anche<strong> particelle con proprietà adatte a spiegare la misteriosa "materia oscura" </strong>che, secondo osservazioni astrofisiche e cosmologiche, tiene insieme le strutture dell' universo come le galassie. Siccome tale materia sarebbe stata prodotta ai primordi dell'universo (quando la temperatura e quindi l'energia cinetica delle particelle era molto piu' alta!), ecco che, in questo senso, l' LHC ci porterebbe a ritroso nel tempo ad esplorare condizioni piu' vicine al  Big bang.</p>
<p>I misteri del "settore di Higgs" potrebbero anche avere a che fare con <strong>proprietà sinora sconosciute della gravità</strong>, possibilmente legate a dimensioni ulteriori dello spazio a scale molto piccole (oltre alle 3 macroscopiche che osserviamo). In alcune di queste teorie, la <strong>produzione di mini-buchi neri</strong> potrebbe aver luogo.  Tuttavia, questi buchi neri dovrebbero "<strong>evaporare</strong>" molto rapidamente… Insomma, come spero di aver chiarito, in particolare la formazione di mini-buchi neri è una <strong>possibilità molto speculativa</strong>, non certo prevista da teorie basate su evidenze empiriche ma da possibili estensioni di teorie esistenti.</p>
<p>E' per gettar luce su quel che non sappiamo che si fanno esperimenti, e l' esplorazione di nuove frontiere ha sempre portato con se' allarmismi vari e ingiustificati (un esempio del XX secolo e' stato discusso di recente in <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.4806">questo articolo</a>).</p>
<p>Ma questo non significa che gli scienziati siano dei <strong>novelli Faust </strong>scriteriati.</p>
<p>Prima di fare qualsiasi cosa, si effettuano <strong>analisi su analisi </strong>e si valuta la sicurezza dell' apparato ed eventuali rischi per la salute: queste sì basandosi su conoscenze scientifiche consolidate! Nel caso dei buchi neri, non si fa affidamento a chissà quali <strong>teorie esotiche</strong> (che potrebbero essere vere... ma più probabilmente no!) piuttosto ad <strong>argomenti empirici</strong>.</p>
<p>La terra (ma anche il sole e altri corpi celesti) è <strong>bombardata da raggi cosmici</strong> di altissima energia, di provenienza astrofisica e del tutto "naturali". Al tasso misurato oggi, si stima che, da quando è nato, il pianeta sia stato colpito da collisioni simili a quelle prodotte in acceleratore circa <strong>trentamila miliardi di miliardi di volte</strong>, cioeè circa centomila volte il numero di collisioni "artificiali" previste a Ginevra.</p>
<p>Quindi, anche ammettendo che le teorie "esotiche" siano corrette nel predire buchi neri (ma sbagliate nel predirne una vita effimera), l' evidenza che la Terra sia ancora qui pone da sola un limite al rischio inferiore ad uno su centomila (vi risparmio i motivi per cui le probabilita' sono molto piu' irrisorie).</p>
<p>P.S.: per ironia della sorte (o dei media), il tanto strombazzato 10 Settembre <strong>il mondo non sarebbe potuto morire ancor più semplicemente perché non c’è stata alcuna collisione</strong>. “Soltanto” il test che un (solo) fascio di protoni circola correttamente nell’ anello di 27 km di circonferenza: come tutti sanno, per fare un botto servono almeno due corpi che impattino a grande velocita’ relativa.</p>
<p><strong>tempo di lettura</strong>: 4min 02sec</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Un ejército de ordenadores científicos analizará datos del acelerador de partículas]]></title>
<link>http://portalhispano.wordpress.com/?p=1311</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 21:10:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>portalhispano</dc:creator>
<guid>http://portalhispano.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/un-ejercito-de-ordenadores-cientificos-analizara-datos-del-acelerador-de-particulas/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[El CERN no consideró factible realizar esta tarea con recursos propios y llegó a temer incluso pro]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<li>El CERN no consideró factible realizar esta tarea con recursos propios y llegó a temer incluso problemas con la electricidad necesaria.</li>
<li>Instituciones de 33 países participan en el proyecto.</li>
<p>Ordenadores de <strong>140 instituciones científicas procedentes de 33 países </strong>han puesto a disposición del CERN sus ordenadores, y los más de 100.000 procesadores con los que operan, para que puedan trabajar de forma conjunta y analizar la gran cantidad de datos que el acelerador de partículas genera.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/YrFohZaVhSc'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/YrFohZaVhSc&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Según cuenta <em>Read Write Web, </em>el acelerador de partículas es capaz de generar una cantidad ingente de nformación cada año, <a href="http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/cern_officially_unveils_its_gr.php" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0c2269;">hasta 15 petabytes</span></a>, el equivalente a 15.000 terabytes. Y para analizarlos y sacar conclusiones sobre los experimentos que se realicen <strong>se necesita una gran capacidad de cálculo</strong>.<br />
<span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/LZDSLzU9pZ4'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/LZDSLzU9pZ4&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Los responsables de la informática en el <a href="http://public.web.cern.ch/public/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#607682;">CERN</span></a> llegaron a la conclusión hace tiempo de que no existía un centro de datos único capaz de llevar a cabo esa tarea. Ni siquiera tenían claro si la red eléctrica de Ginebra podría soportar la carga que supondría <strong>poner a trabajar juntos a todos los ordenadores necesarios</strong>. Por eso se decidió descentralizar la tarea y crear una red de ordenadores voluntarios...sigue</p>
<p>LEER mas en <a href="http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/417551/0/cern/grid/datos/">20minutos.es</a></p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/SCT5n1QV7cw'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/SCT5n1QV7cw&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Timeline of events related to the Deep Web]]></title>
<link>http://papergirls.wordpress.com/?p=365</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 18:24:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Maureen Flynn-Burhoe</dc:creator>
<guid>http://papergirls.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/timeline-deep-web/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Timeline of selected events related to the Deep Web (work in progress)
1980 Tim Berners-Lee &#8220;d]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Timeline of selected events related to the Deep Web (work in progress)</strong></p>
<p><strong>1980</strong> Tim Berners-Lee "developed his first hypertext system, "Enquire" for his own use (although unaware of the existence of the term HyperText). With a background in text processing, real-time software and communications, Tim decided that high energy physics needed a networked hypertext system and CERN was an ideal site for the development of wide-area hypertext ideas (<a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/net/project/afs32/cern.ch/w3.org/www/People.html#17">CERN</a>)."</p>
<p><strong>1989</strong> Tim Berners-Lee started the WorldWideWeb project at <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/net/project/afs32/cern.ch/w3.org/www/People.html#17">CERN</a>.</p>
<p><strong>1992-09</strong> Arthur Secret at the CERN created the first web gateway to a relational database system RDB (Shestakov 2008-05).</p>
<p><strong>1994</strong> Dr. Jill Ellsworth "first coined the phrase "invisible Web" to refer to information content that was "invisible" to conventional search engines (Bergman 2001 citing Garcia 1996)." See <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">also</a></p>
<p><strong>1996</strong> Frank Garcia (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19961205083117/http://tcp.ca/Jan96/BusandMark.html" target="_blank">1996</a>) claimed Texas-based university professor Jill H. Ellsworth (d.2002), Internet consultant for Fortune 500 companies, coined the term “Invisible Web” in 1996 to refer to websites that are not registered with any search engine. ” “Ellsworth is co-author with her husband, Matthew V. Ellsworth, of <em>The Internet Business Book</em> (John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc., 1994), <em>Marketing on the Internet: Multimedia Strategies for the World Wide Web </em>(John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc.), and <em>Using CompuServe</em>. She has also explored education on the Internet, and contributed chapters on business and education to the massive tome, <em>The Internet Unleashed</em>.”</p>
<blockquote><p>[S]igns of an unsuccessful or poor site are easily identified, says Jill Ellsworth. “Without picking on any particular sites, I’ll give you a couple of characteristics. It would be a site that’s possibly reasonably designed, but they didn’t bother to register it with any of the search engines. So, no one can find them! You’re hidden. I call that the invisible Web. Ellsworth also makes reference to the “dead Web,” which no one has visited for a long time, and which hasn’t been regularly updated (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19961205083117/http://tcp.ca/Jan96/BusandMark.html" target="_blank">Garcia 1996</a>).</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>1996-12-01</strong> "The first commercial Deep Web tool (although they referred to it as the "Invisible Web") was @1, announced December 12th, 1996 in partnership with large content providers. According to a December 12th, 1996 press release, @1 started with 5.7 terabytes of content which was estimated to be 30 times the size of the nascent World Wide Web. ( "<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19971021232106/www.pls.com/news/pr961212_aol.html" target="_blank">America Online to Place AT1 from PLS in Internet Search Area: <em>New AT1 Service Allows AOL Members to Search "The Invisible Web"</em></a>).''See <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p><strong>1996-12-12 "</strong>Personal Library Software, Inc. (PLS), the leading supplier of search and retrieval software to the online publishing industry, ushered in the next generation of Internet search engines with the introduction of a new Internet based service, AT1 which combines the best of PLS's search, agent and database extraction technology to offer publishers and users something they have never had before: the ability to search for content residing in "hidden" databases — those large collections of documents managed by publishers not viewable by Web spiders. AT1 also allows users to create intelligent agents to search newsgroups and websites with E-Mail notification of results (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19971021232057/www.pls.com/news/pr961212_at1.html" target="_blank">Press release</a>)."</p>
<p><strong>1997</strong> Michael Lesk wrote an <a href="http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/ksg97/ksg.html" target="_blank">unpublished paper</a> entitled ''How much information is there in the world?''], in which he estimated that in 1997, the Library of Congress had between 20 terabytes and 3 petabytes." See Choi (2008).</p>
<p><strong>1999-02</strong> Lawrence and Giles (1999) claimed that the publicly indexable World Wide Web (PIW) contained about 800 million pages; the search engine with the largest index, Northern Light, indexed roughly 16% of the publicly indexable World Wide Web;  the combined index of 11 large search engines covered (very) roughly 42% of the publicly indexable World Wide Web.</p>
<p><strong>2000-03</strong> c. 43,000–96,000 Deep Web sites existed (Bergman 2001).</p>
<p><strong>2000-07-26 </strong><a href="http://www.brightplanet.com/news/prs/deep-web-500-times-larger.html" target="_blank">BrightPlanet</a> released a study documenting the Deep Web (a massive storehouse of databases and information that was invisible to search engines in 2000) claiming that the Deep Web was 500 times larger than the indexed Web accessible by most search engines. BrightPlanet researchers also released their direct-query search technology called LexiBot™  which automatically identifies, retrieves, qualifies, and classifies content from Deep Web sites. They listed c. 20,000 Deep Web searchable sites. Direct-query search technology that can access searchable databases unlike most search engines, implies that the Invisible Web is not really Invisible just harder to reach.  					<a href="http://www.brightplanet.com/news/prs/deep-web-500-times-larger.html" target="_blank">BrightPlanet Unveils the 'Deep' Web:  500 Times Larger than the Existing Web</a>.</p>
<p><strong>2001</strong>BrightPlanet</p>
<blockquote><p>"quantified the size and relevancy of the deep Web in a study based on data collected between March 13 and 30, 2000. Our key findings include: Public information on the deep Web is currently 400 to 550 times larger than the commonly defined World Wide Web; The deep Web contains 7,500 terabytes of information compared to nineteen terabytes of information in the surface Web; The deep Web contains nearly 550 billion individual documents compared to the one billion of the surface Web; More than 200,000 deep Web sites presently exist; Sixty of the largest deep-Web sites collectively contain about 750 terabytes of information — sufficient by themselves to exceed the size of the surface Web forty times; On average, deep Web sites receive fifty per cent greater monthly traffic than surface sites and are more highly linked to than surface sites; however, the typical (median) deep Web site is not well known to the Internet-searching public; The deep Web is the largest growing category of new information on the Internet; Deep Web sites tend to be narrower, with deeper content, than conventional surface sites; Total quality content of the deep Web is 1,000 to 2,000 times greater than that of the surface Web; Deep Web content is highly relevant to every information need, market, and domain; More than half of the deep Web content resides in topic-specific databases; A full ninety-five per cent of the deep Web is publicly accessible information — not subject to fees or subscriptions (<a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0007.104" target="_blank">Bergman 2001</a>)."</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>2001</strong> <a href="http://www.alltheweb.com/" target="_blank">AlltheWeb</a>, public search engine was launched. (AlltheWeb is now owned by Yahoo.com). It was a redesign of Fast (1999-05 to 2001).  <a href="http://www.fastsearch.com" target="_blank">Fast Search &#38; Transfer</a> is a Microsoft Subsidiary.</p>
<p><strong>2000</strong> Shestakov (2008) cites Bergman (2001) as the source for the claim that the term deep Web was coined in 2000. Bergman distinguished the Surface Web from the Deep Web using the metaphor of Surface and Deep water fishing or trawling. Deep Web is preferred over the term Invisible Web.</p>
<p><strong>2001</strong> Raghavan and Garcia-Molina (2001) "presented an architectural model for a hidden-Web crawler that used key terms provided by users or collected from the query interfaces to query a Web form and crawl the deep Web resources  <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p><strong>2002-02</strong> StumbleUpon began to use human crawlers or human-based computation techniques to uncover data on the Deep Web.  Human crawlers can find relevant links that algorithmic crawlers miss  <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p><strong>2002-12</strong> There were c. 130,000 Deep Web sites (He, Patel, Mitesh, Zhang and Chang 2007, Shestakov 2008).</p>
<p><strong>2004-04</strong> There were c. 310,000 Deep Web sites (He, Patel, Mitesh, Zhang and Chang 2007, Shestakov 2008).</p>
<p><strong>2004</strong> Between 2000 and 2004 the Deep Web increased in size by 3-7 times (He, Patel, Mitesh, Zhang and Chang 2007, Shestakov 2008).</p>
<p><strong>2005</strong> Yahoo released Yahoo! Subscriptions which searched a few of the Deep Web's subscription-only web sites.</p>
<p><strong>2005</strong> Ntoulas et al. (2005) "created a hidden-Web crawler that automatically generated meaningful queries to issue against search forms. Their crawler generated promising results, but the problem is far from being solved. Since a large amount of useful data and information resides in the deep Web, search engines have begun exploring alternative methods to crawl the deep Web  <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p>The search engine <a href="http://www.pipl.com" target="_blank">Pipl </a>crawlers can identify, interact and retrieve some information from the deep Web.</p>
<p>Deep Web "search engines like CloserLookSearch and Northern Light Group&#124;Northern Light create specialty engines by topic to search the deep Web. Because these engines are narrow in their data focus, they are built to access specified deep Web content by topic. These engines can search dynamic or password protected databases that are otherwise closed to search engines    <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p>Google’s "Sitemap and mod oai are mechanisms that allow search engines and other interested parties to discover deep Web resources on particular Web servers. Both mechanisms allow Web servers to advertise the URLs that are accessible on them, thereby allowing automatic discovery of resources that are not directly linked to the surface Web   <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p><strong>2007-06</strong> WorldWideScience was created to provide access to the Deep Web. When it began it linked to 12 databases from 10 countries. It is a "science portal developed and maintained by the <a href="http://www.osti.gov/">Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)</a>, an element of the <a href="http://www.science.doe.gov/">Office of Science</a> within the <a href="http://www.doe.gov/">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. The <a href="http://worldwidescience.org/alliance.html">WorldWideScience Alliance</a>, a partnership consisting of participating member countries provides the governance structure for the WorldWideScience.org portal (<a href="http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/worldwidescience_like_google_for_deep_web_science_stuff.php" target="_blank">RWW</a>)."</p>
<p><strong>2007-07-27</strong> "Indiana University faculty member Javed Mustafa appeared on National Public Radio's <a href="http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2007/Jul/hour2_072707.html" target="_blank">Science Friday</a>, and drawing on information in a published study from University of California, Berkeley entitled ''How much information is there?'', estimated that the deep web consists of about 91,000 terabytes. By contrast, the surface web, which is easily reached by search engines, is only about 167 terabytes. The Library of Congress contains about 11 terabytes, for comparison. Mustafa noted that these numbers were a bit dated and were just rough estimates <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p><strong>2008-05-14</strong> ReadWriteWeb contributor Sarah Perez listed a number of "<a href="http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/digital_image_resources_on_the_deep_web.php" target="_blank">Digital Image Resources on the Deep Web.</a>"</p>
<div id="submeta"><a href="http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/digital_image_resources_on_the_deep_web.php#comments"></a></div>
<p><strong>2008-06</strong> WorldWideScience portal to the Deep Web linked to 32 national, scientific databases and portals from 44 different countries. <a href="http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/worldwidescience_like_google_for_deep_web_science_stuff.php" target="_blank">RWW</a>.</p>
<p><strong>2008</strong> Several "Deep Web directories are under development such as <a href="http://www.oaister.org/" target="_blank">OAIster</a> by the University of Michigan, <a href="http://infomine.ucr.edu/" target="_blank">INFOMINE</a>] at the University of California at  Riverside and <a href="http://www.freepint.com/gary/direct.htm" target="_blank">DirectSearch</a> by Gary Price to name a few <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">(Choi 2008-01-07)</a>."</p>
<p><strong>2008-09-22</strong> Infovell launched its research engine for the Deep Web. "Available initially on a subscription basis, Infovell gives users access to hard to find, in-depth, expert information spanning Life Sciences, Medicines, Patents, and other reference categories with more to be added over time." "Infovell’s research engine will be available beginning September 22 as a premium service for individual researchers and corporations who are seeking more affordable access to expert information. The Company is offering a risk-free trial through its website www.infovell.com. Later this year, Infovell will be beta-releasing a free version of its research engine on a limited basis for those individuals who want to search the Deep Web but don’t have the need for some of the advanced features available in the premium version."</p>
<h3>Notes</h3>
<p>Joo-Won Choi's (2008-01) useful categories of Deep Web resources include:</p>
<p><strong>Dynamic content:</strong> "Dynamic Web page and/or dynamic pages, which are returned in response to a submitted query or accessed only through a form (especially if open-domain input elements e.g. text fields are used; such fields are hard to navigate without domain knowledge). "<br />
<strong><br />
Unlinked content:</strong> "pages which are not linked to by other pages, which may prevent Web crawling programs from accessing the content. This content is referred to as pages without backlinks or inlinks. "<br />
<strong><br />
Private Web</strong>: "sites that require registration and login (password-protected resources).</p>
<p><strong>Contextual Web:</strong> "pages with content varying for different access contexts (e.g. ranges of  client IP addresses or previous navigation sequence).</p>
<p><strong>Limited access content</strong>: "sites that limit access to their pages in a technical way (e.g., using the Robots Exclusion Standard, CAPTCHAs or HTTP headers, prohibiting search engines from browsing them and creating cached copies."</p>
<p><strong>Scripted content: </strong>"pages that are only accessible through links produced by JavaScript as well as content dynamically downloaded from Web servers via Macromedia Flash  or AJAX solutions."</p>
<p><strong>Non-HTML/text content</strong>: "textual content encoded in multimedia (image or video) files or specific file formats not handled by search engines." For more see Choi (2008-01).</p>
<h3>Webliography and Bibliography</h3>
<p>Bergman, Michael K. 2001-09-24. "<a href="http://www.brightplanet.com/pdf/deepwebwhitepaper.pdf" target="_blank">The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value</a>." White Paper.</p>
<p>Bergman, Michael. 2001. "<a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0007.104">The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value</a>." <em>Journal of Electronic Publishing</em>. 7:1.</p>
<p>Choi, Joo-Won. 2008-01-07 "<a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">Deep Web</a>." KAIST</p>
<p>Ellsworth, Jill H.; Ellsworth, Matthew V. 1994. <em>The Internet Business Book</em>. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc.</p>
<p>Ellsworth, Jill H.; Ellsworth, Matthew V. 1997. <a title="Ellsworth, Jill H.; Ellsworth, Matthew V. 1997. The Internet Business Book. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc." href="http://web.archive.org/web/19971012054051/www.oak-ridge.com/topnib.html" target="_blank"><em>The Internet Business Book</em></a>. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc.</p>
<p>Ellsworth, Jill H.; Ellsworth, Matthew V. 1995. <a title="Multimedia Strategies for the World Wide Web. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc." href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Marketing-Internet-Multimedia-Strategies-World/dp/0471165042" target="_blank"><em>Marketing on the Internet: Multimedia Strategies for the World Wide Web</em></a>. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc.</p>
<p>Ellsworth, Jill H.; Ellsworth, Matthew V. 1996. <a title="Multimedia Strategies for the World Wide Web. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc." href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Marketing-Internet-Multimedia-Strategies-World/dp/0471165042oak-ridge.com/topnib.html" target="_blank"><em>Marketing on the Internet: Multimedia Strategies for the World Wide Web</em></a>. 2nd Edition. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc.</p>
<p>Ellsworth, Jill H.; Ellsworth, Matthew V. <em>Using CompuServe</em><em></em>. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc.</p>
<p>Ellsworth, Jill H. Chapters? <em>The Internet Unleashed.</em></p>
<p>Garcia, Frank. 1996. “<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19961205083117/http://tcp.ca/Jan96/BusandMark.html" target="_blank">Business and Marketing on the Internet</a>.” <em>Masthead</em>. 9:1. January. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19961205083117/http://tcp.ca/Jan96/BusandMark.html" target="_blank">Alternate url @ web.archive.org</a></p>
<p>Guernsey, Lisa. 2001-01-25. "<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404EEDA1F3CF936A15752C0A9679C8B63" target="_blank">Mining the deep web with sharper shovels</a>". <em>New York Times</em>, No.25: pp.G1.</p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial;">Lawrence, Steve: Giles, C. Lee. 1999-07-08."Accessibility of Information on the Web." <em>Nature. </em>400:6740:107 - 109. See <a href="http://www.wwwmetrics.com/">http://www.wwwmetrics.com</a>.</span></p>
<p>PLS. 1996-12-01. "<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19971021232106/www.pls.com/news/pr961212_aol.html" target="_blank">America Online to Place AT1 from PLS in Internet Search Area: <em>New AT1 Service Allows AOL Members to Search "The Invisible Web"</em></a>." Press Release.</p>
<p>Shestakov, Dennis. 2008-05. <a href="https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38506/diss2008shestakov.pdf?sequence=3">deep web</a><br />
Wright, Alex. 2004-03-09. "<a title="The next generation of Web search engines will do more than give you a longer list of search results. They will disrupt the information economy.&#34; Salon." href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/09/deep_web/index.html" target="_blank">In search of the deep Web: The next generation of Web search engines will do more than give you a longer list of search results. They will disrupt the information economy</a>." Salon.</p>
<p>He, Bin; Patel, Mitesh; Zhang, Zhen; Chang, Kevin Chen-Chuan. 2007. "Accessing the deep Web. <em>Communications</em>. ACM. 50:5:94–101.</p>
<p>See also http://papergirls.wordpress.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-the-invisible-web</p>
<h3>Joo-Won <a href="http://nlplab.kaist.ac.kr/~jwchoi/coreonto_data/Computer_networking/Networking_standards/Internet_standards/Internet_protocols/Application_layer_protocols/World_Wide_Web/00454403.txt">Choi's</a> Bibliography:</h3>
<p>Panagiotis Ipeirotis, Luis Gravano, and Mehran Sahami. 2001. "<a href="http://qprober.cs.columbia.edu/publications/sigmod2001.pdf" target="_blank">Probe, Count, and Classify: Categorizing Hidden-Web Databases</a>."Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. pp. 67-78.</p>
<p>Gary Price &#38; Chris Sherman. July 2001. ''The Invisible Web : Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See.'' <em>CyberAge Books</em>, ISBN 0-910965-51-X.</p>
<p>Michael K. Bergman. 2001-08. "<a href="http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/07-01/bergman.html" target="_blank">The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value.</a>" <em>The Journal of Electronic Publishing</em>. 7:1.</p>
<p>Sriram Raghavan and Hector Garcia-Molina. 2001. "<a href="http://www.dia.uniroma3.it/~vldbproc/017_129.pdf" target="_blank">Crawling the Hidden Web</a>." In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB). pp. 129-138</p>
<p>Nigel Hamilton (2003). ''<a href="http://turbo10.com/papers/deepnet.pdf" target="_blank">The Mechanics of a Deep Net Metasearch Engine</a>." 12th World Wide Web Conference poster.</p>
<p>Bin He and Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang. 2003. "<a href="http://eagle.cs.uiuc.edu/pubs/2003/unifiedschema-sigmod03-hc-mar03.pdf" target="_blank">Statistical Schema Matching across Web Query Interfaces</a>." In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data</p>
<p>Joe Barker (Jan 2004). ''[ <a href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/InvisibleWeb.html" target="_blank">Invisible Web: What it is, Why it exists, How to find it, and Its inherent ambiguity.</a> UC Berkeley - Teaching Library Internet Workshops.</p>
<p>Alex Wright (Mar 2004). ''<a href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/09/deep_web/index_np.html" target="_blank">In Search of the Deep Web</a>'' <a href="http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/09/deep_web" target="_blank">Salon.com</a></p>
<p>Alexandros Ntoulas, Petros Zerfos, and Junghoo Cho. 2005. "<a href="http://oak.cs.ucla.edu/~ntoulas/pubs/ntoulas_hidden_web.pdf" target="_blank">Downloading Textual Hidden Web Content Through Keyword Queries</a>."  In Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). pp 100-109.</p>
<p><a href="http://oak.cs.ucla.edu/~cho/papers/ntoulas-hidden.pdf" target="_blank">Extended version</a>]</p>
<p>Frank McCown, Xiaoming Liu, Michael L. Nelson, and Mohammad Zubair. 2006.-03/4. "<a href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?LA-UR-05-9158.pdf" target="_blank">Search Engine Coverage of the OAI-PMH Corpus</a>." IEEE Internet Computing. pp. 66-73. 10:2.</p>
<h3>Lesk's bibliography:</h3>
<p>[Bell 1994]. Alan Bell; <em>IBM Academy Digital Library Workshop</em> (Sept 12-13, 1994).</p>
<p>[Census 1995]. United States Census Bureau <em>Statistical Abstract of the United States</em> Government Printing Office  (1995).</p>
<p>[Fargion 1996]. G. S. Fargion, R. Harberts, and J. G. Masek <a href="http://ecsinfo.hitc.com/cdwg/datamining/overview.html" target="_blank">An Emerging Technology Becomes an Opportunity for EOS</a> From the online file.</p>
<p>[Landauer 1986]. T. K. Landauer; "How much do people remember?  Some estimates of the quantity of learned information in long-term memory," <em>Cognitive Science,</em> <strong>10</strong> (4) pp. 477-493 (Oct-Dec 1986).</p>
<p>[Louis 1996 ]. Steve Louis <a href="http://www.isi.edu/~rdv/conferences/goddard96.html" target="_blank"><em>Cooperative High-Performance Storage in the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative</em> </a>5th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies  (Sept.  17-19, 1996 ).  As reported by Ron Van Meter,  .</p>
<p>[Markoff 1997]. John Markoff; "When Big Brother is a Librarian," <em>The New York Times</em> pp. 3, sec. 4 (March 9, 1997).</p>
<p>[Mauldin 1995]. Matt Mauldin, "Measuring the Web with Lycos," <em>Third International World-Wide Web Conference</em>, April 1995.</p>
<p>[Mills 1996]. Mike Mills; "Photo Opportunity," <em>Washington Post</em> pp. H01 (January 28, 1996).</p>
<p>[Optitek]. The Need for Holographic Storage http://www.optitek.com/hdss_competition.htm.</p>
<p>[Radding 1990]. Alan Radding; "Putting data in its proper place," <em>Computerworld </em> pp. 61 (August 13, 1990).</p>
<p>[Tenopir 1997]. Carol Tenopir, and Jeff Barry; "The Data Dealers," <em>Library Journal</em> pp. 28-36 (May 15, 1997).</p>
<p>[UNESCO 1995].  <em>UNESCO Statistical Yearbook</em> Bernan Press  (1995).</p>
<p>[Wells 1938]. H. G. Wells <em>World Brain</em> Methuen  (1938).</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entrevista a Teresa Fonseca]]></title>
<link>http://ayla87.wordpress.com/?p=376</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 17:05:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ayla</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ayla87.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/entrevista-a-teresa-fonseca/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Como no!! si sale algo sobre este tema&#8230;tengo que agregarlo. Es una entrevista que le han hecho]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Como no!! si sale algo sobre este tema...tengo que agregarlo. Es una entrevista que le han hecho a Teresa Fonseca sobre su trabajo en el CERN y sus origenes, que están en Ourense...mi pequeña ciudad también.</p>
<h1 class="titulo"><a href="http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/ourense/2008/10/05/0003_7197263.htm" target="_blank"><em><em class="titulillo">Entrevista </em></em><br />
</a></h1>
<h1 class="titulo"><a href="http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/ourense/2008/10/05/0003_7197263.htm" target="_blank"><em><em class="titulillo">Teresa Fonseca Martín</em></em></a></h1>
<h1 class="titulo"><em><em class="cargo">Física que trabaja en el cern (organización europea para la investigación nuclear)</em></em></h1>
<p>Entre los científicos que trabajan en acelerador europeo de partículas está Teresa Fonseca. Tras su paso por prestigiosas universidades, no se olvida de sus raíces.</p>
<p>Entre los 2.500 científicos que participan en el proyecto del acelerador de partículas del CERN (Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear) hay una ourensana, Teresa Fonseca Martín. Con 32 años, trabaja en Ginebra (Suiza) muy cerca del famoso acelerador, en el proyecto Atlas, que busca los componentes fundamentales de la materia. A pesar de haber hecho su doctorado en Estados Unidos, ganar numerosas becas y trabajar también para una universidad inglesa, no olvida sus orígenes y su mayor agradecimiento es para sus profesores de primaria y secundaria en colegios e institutos ourensanos.</p>
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<p class="texto">-Sería muy buena estudiante para llegar hasta ahí, ¿no es cierto?</p>
<p class="texto">-Sí, la verdad es que era buena estudiante, sí.</p>
<p class="texto">-¿Fue la física una vocación infantil?</p>
<p class="texto">-No, decidí que quería hacer física poco antes de irme a la universidad, en los últimos meses, pero sí me gustaba de siempre la física. Nunca se me había ocurrido que podría trabajar en una historia como esta. Nunca fui una persona que tuviera claro lo que quería hacer en la vida.</p>
<p class="texto">-¿Le ayudó su época de estudiante en Ourense?</p>
<p class="texto">-Estudié en el Curros Enríquez y en el instituto Eduardo Blanco Amor, y me gustaría hacerles un poco de homenaje porque tuve muy buenos profesores. No hubiera llegado hasta el CERN sin mis profesores ourensanos. Me gusta defender mis raíces ourensanas, pero también la educación pública. Fui al cole y al instituto que me tocaban y tuve unos profesores de lujo.</p>
<p class="texto">-A pesar de ello, imagino que una persona con su formación se acostumbra a pensar que tiene que salir de Ourense para conseguir sus objetivos profesionales.</p>
<p class="texto">-Sí, pero quizás las cosas cambien. Los tiempos se van modernizando y Ourense yo espero que se vaya haciendo cada día más moderna y que deje las estructuras antiguas en las que la ciencia y la cultura tenían menos cabida y que cada vez haya más espacio para estas cosas. Hoy con las posibilidades que hay de viajar y de Internet se podrían hacer muchas cosas desde Ourense. Lo que tiene que cambiar es la sociedad para ser más moderna y más abierta.</p>
<p class="texto">-¿En qué consiste exactamente su trabajo?</p>
<p class="texto">-Trabajo en el experimento Atlas, que es parte del LHC [siglas de colisionador de partículas]. Aquí lo que se hace es investigación básica y lo que se trata es de buscar los componentes más fundamentales de la materia, las partículas más chiquitas, y las interacciones que tienen entre ellas. Es lo mismo que cuando nosotros estudiábamos lo de que toda la materia está formada por átomos y que en el átomos se distinguen el núcleo y los electrones y dentro del núcleo, protones y neutrones. Pues realmente ahora se sabe que dentro de los protones y neutrones hay otras partículas más pequeñitas que se llaman quarts. Parece que es lo más pequeño, pero puede que no. Nosotros tratamos de entender los componentes fundamentales de la materia que nos rodea. Además, estas partículas se relacionan con lo que es el universo. Las condiciones que tenemos aquí en el CERN reproducen en algunos casos los primeros segundos del universo y nos ayudan a entender lo que pasó en el Big Bang, el origen del universo y la cosmología.</p>
<p class="texto">-¿Cree que su trabajo es tan abstracto en apariencia que no se valora lo suficiente?</p>
<p class="texto">-No creo. Un fenómeno que yo veo y que es importante es que se está popularizando la ciencia. Cada vez se trata más de explicar al público que no es experto en ciencia qué es lo que se está haciendo y cómo. Esto lo veo muy positivo y creo que es nuestro deber porque esto se hace con dinero de nuestros impuestos. Es importante explicar a la gente en qué se está gastando el dinero y que es útil e importante para la humanidad. Yo, en general, cuando cuento lo que hago no he recibido una respuesta negativa. Normalmente se muestran curiosos e interesados.</p>
<p class="texto">-Sus jornadas laborales superan con mucho las ocho horas. ¿Le deja tiempo su dedicación para visitar Ourense?</p>
<p class="texto">-Sí, tengo una relación muy fuerte con Ourense. Tengo a mi padre y a mi madre allí y voy a verlos siempre que puedo, unas tres o cuatro veces al año. Con mis padres tengo un contacto muy estrecho y hablamos todos los días o por e-mail. Además, sigo teniendo muy buenos amigos en Ourense.</p>
<p class="texto">-¿Le gustaría volver en algún momento?</p>
<p class="texto">-A mi me gustaría volver a contribuir a lo que te comentaba antes, a hacer un Ourense más moderno y democrático. Creo que en Galicia se está yendo hacia eso y, sí, sí que me gustaría.</p>
<p class="texto">-Al menos en el CERN tiene la compañía de otros gallegos. ¿Hacen piña entre ustedes?</p>
<p class="texto">-Sí, un poquito se hace. Dos de mis mejores amigos son de Santiago, los hermanos Gallas Torreira por ejemplo, y tomo café en gallego y como en gallego. Son muy buenos amigos.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[HIGGS BOSON &amp; weight]]></title>
<link>http://salcad.wordpress.com/?p=5</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 09:13:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>salcad</dc:creator>
<guid>http://salcad.pl.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/higgs-boson-weight/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[You do check your weight regularly don’t you but have you ever wondered what is weight? Well most ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">You do check your weight regularly don’t you but have you ever wondered what is weight? Well most of you must know it is the quantity of mass that a body contains. But then what is Mass and what is its origin? Exactly what determines your mass.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">This is one of the most asked Questions in world of physics. And well </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">Scientists at CERN, as well as at Fermi lab in Illinois, are hoping to find what they call the "Higgs boson." Which according to them is a particle or set of particle which give other masses.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">The idea of one particle giving another mass is a bit counter-intuitive... Isn't mass an inherent characteristic of matter? If not, how can one entity impart mass on all the others by simply floating by and interacting with them?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">An oft-cited analogy describes it well: Imagine you're at a film party. The crowd is rather thick, and evenly distributed around the room, chatting. When the big star arrives, the people nearest the door gather around her. As she moves through the party, she attracts the people closest to her, and those she moves away from return to their other conversations. By gathering a fawning cluster of people around her, she's gained momentum, an indication of mass. She's harder to slow down than she would be without the crowd. Once she's stopped, it's harder to get her going again.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">The theory postulated by Peter Higgs hypothesizes that a sort of lattice, referred to as the Higgs field, fills the universe. This is something like an electromagnetic field, in that it affects the particles that move through it, but it is also related to the physics of solid materials. Scientists know that when an electron passes through a positively charged crystal lattice of atoms (a solid), the electron's mass can increase as much as 40 times. The same might be true in the Higgs field: a particle moving through it creates a little bit of distortion -- like the crowd around the star at the party -- and that lends mass to the particle.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">Right now higgs boson is the only missing link in standard model which comprises of three of nature's four forces: electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Electromagnetism describes how particles interact with photons, tiny packets of electromagnetic radiation. In a similar way, the weak force describes how two other entities, the W and Z particles, interact with electrons, quarks, neutrinos and others. There is one very important difference between these two interactions: photons have no mass, while the masses of W and Z are huge. In fact, they are some of the most massive particles known. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">The first inclination is to assume that W and Z simply exist and interact with other elemental particles. But for mathematical reasons, the giant masses of W and Z raise inconsistencies in the Standard Model. To address this, physicists postulate that there must be at least one other particle -- the Higgs boson. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">Scientists want to determine whether the Higgs boson exists. The search has been on for over ten years, both at CERN's Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) in Geneva and at Fermi lab in Illinois. To look for the particle, researchers must smash other particles together at very high speeds. If the energy from that collision is high enough, it is converted into smaller bits of matter -- particles -- one of which could be a Higgs boson. The Higgs will only last for a small fraction of a second, and then decay into other particles. So in order to tell whether the Higgs appeared in the collision, researchers look for evidence of what it would have decayed into.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Verdana;">Check for this page for further development in this field. </span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Let me explain it with a comic...]]></title>
<link>http://guttersniper.wordpress.com/?p=229</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 07:42:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>haoleboy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://guttersniper.com/2008/10/06/let-me-explain-it-with-a-comic/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Something I’ve been thinking about lately is how graphic novels present ideas, concepts, or exper]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Something I’ve been thinking about lately is how graphic novels present ideas, concepts, or experiences that would otherwise be difficult to portray. Now I realize that this is an extremely banal point, and that one could say that of any creative medium, arguing that the artist chooses the medium that he/she feels to be the best way to convey his/her feelings or thoughts. However, I’ve noticed the way comics or graphic novels are used to explain technologically or ideologically complex concepts. Take for example the comic book on Dialectic Marxism read by young Marjane Satrapi, or more recently, a comic explaining Google’s new browser “Chrome” (<a title="chrome comic" href="http://www.google.com/googlebooks/chrome/" target="_blank">here)</a> or this comic by Jorge Cham explaining the LHC, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator complex (<a title="LHC comic" href="http://www.phdcomics.com/comics.php?f=1066" target="_blank">here</a>) (Or even a comic book explaining comic books, Scott McCloud’s <em>Understanding Comics, </em>so meta!). The two latter are clearly designed to “dumb down” extremely complex scientific and technological ideas by using visual vocabularies that are easier to understand that the jargon of web programming or quantum mechanics. However, this requires the use of visual metaphor, orbs to represent sub atomic particles or little anthropomorphic windows. What distinguishes these two comics from say, <em>Persepolis</em>, is that they use visual metaphors to portray things, quarks or lines of code, that don’t have any (or barely any) corporeality. This is similar to what David B. does in <em>Epileptic</em>, he creates visual metaphors not only for his brother’s epilepsy, but also for every obscure esoteric concept his family tries out.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This brings us back to the question of why these authors (Google and Jorge Cham included) chose the form of comics. Well, one could easily argue that these comics play off of the age-old adage: a picture is worth a thousand words. One could also say that the “tech” comics are using pictures in much the same way that a children’s book would. As we grow older, we are praised by parents and teachers as we slowly abandon books with illustrations. I’m sure many of us can even remember the first “real” book we read without any pictures. However, it is difficult to argue that the visual language in <em>Epileptic</em> is illustrative in the same way that children’s books are illustrative. So again, why did David B. choose comics? Why did Google and Cham choose comics? Well, here’s what I think: because these are the only way for us, humans, to comprehend these ideas, concepts, illnesses; through imagery, through visual metaphor. Like Nabokov said of himself, we think in images.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, visual metaphors in comics can also be a powerful tool for making what would be almost too horrible to see in photographs or read in prose approachable, understandable. Satrapi said, she drew what she couldn’t write, and wrote what she couldn’t draw. The images of torture and war communicate the detail and horror of those experiences, but reading them, we are shielded by her cartooning. An even more extreme example of this shielding would be Art Spiegelman’s <em>Maus</em>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If there really was some magical equation that 1 picture = 1000 words, well then, graphic novels wouldn’t need text. However, the “magic” of graphic novels emerges in that tension, that space between visual abstraction and text. In that space is ambiguity and room for the reader’s imagination and interpretation.</p>
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[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430" caption="Lessons In Comic Art, by Will Eisner"]<img title="Lessons in comic art, by Will Eisner" src="http://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/eisner/eisner-education.gif" alt="Lessons In Comic Art, by Will Eisner" width="430" height="362" />[/caption]
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